tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77697540903552240922024-03-07T19:33:22.706-08:00Writing a literary analysis essayEssay On The Topic No SmokingLila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-25376137834374025012020-08-26T15:39:00.001-07:002020-08-26T15:39:03.461-07:00College SAT Requirements How to Find What SAT Score You NeedSchool SAT Requirements How to Find What SAT Score You Need SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Perhaps you definitely know your top school decision. Presently you need to realize what SAT score you have to get into your fantasy school. Tragically, thereââ¬â¢s no basic answer. By and large, there is no SAT score prerequisite that promises you affirmation, particularly for the most specific universities. On the other hand, there normally isnââ¬â¢t a SAT score that will naturally exclude you from confirmation since schools utilize all encompassing affirmations. Your application will be assessed on your GPA, extracurricular exercises, suggestions, individual exposition, and SAT score. Be that as it may, your SAT score will fundamentally improve or diminish your probability of confirmation, and you can utilize accessible measurements to decide the SAT score you have to improve your odds of having the option to go to a specific school. Schools by and large state that they don't have SAT prerequisites, however in the event that you get a 800 and need to go to Harvard, measurably, you have almost a 0% possibility of picking up confirmation. In this article, I will examine SAT score prerequisites and how your SAT score impacts the school affirmations process. Will Your SAT Score Guarantee Your College Admission? Alone, your SAT score can't ensure your school acknowledgment. At the most specific schools, even understudies with flawless SAT scores are routinely dismissed. Recollect that your SAT score is just a single segment of your application, yet a significant one. An article from a 2013 release of Stanford Magazine expressed that 69% of Stanford candidates from the past 5 years with immaculate 2400 SAT scores (on the old test) were denied affirmation. What's more, from that point forward, the general acknowledgment rate to Stanford has dropped even lower. While your SAT score alone can't ensure your admission to a particular school, there are universities where your SAT score joined with your GPA can ensure affirmation. For California understudies, at the University of California, if your evaluations and state administered test scores joined are in the top 9% of California secondary school graduates and you're not acknowledged to any of the UC grounds you apply to, you'll be offered a spot at another grounds if space is accessible. Also, different states have ensured affirmation at a few or the entirety of their state funded colleges in the event that you get a specific GPA and SAT score. A portion of the states that offer ensured confirmation incorporate Iowa, Nevada, Texas, and Missouri. You should check the affirmations prerequisites on a school's site to check whether there is a comparable program and to discover the GPA and SAT score necessities for programmed confirmation. What Score Do You Need to Increase Your Chances of Admission? The SAT score required to improve your chances of picking up admission to a school differs relying upon the school. By and large, you should focus on in any event the 75th percentile SAT score of that school for your score to emphatically impact your application. Most schools distribute their 25th and 75th percentile scores. The rationale behind this system is that if your SAT score is well over the score of most of understudies at the school, at that point your SAT score will without a doubt help you when your application is assessed. Recall that on the off chance that you score over the 75th percentile for a school, at that point you've scored higher than in any event 75% of the understudies who go there. Your scores will contrast well with those of current understudies and that will altogether improve your odds of getting in. In any event, during the years when Stanford dismissed 69% of candidates with flawless SAT scores, the 31% acknowledgment rate for understudies with immaculate SAT scores was a whole lot higher than the general acknowledgment rate. During that time, the acknowledgment rate was 6%-8%. Understudies who got immaculate SAT scores gave themselves a drastically preferable possibility of being acknowledged over in the event that they had gotten a normal score for a Stanford candidate. On the off chance that your SAT score is nearer to the 25th percentile, at that point another segment of your application ought to be remarkable to have a practical taken shots at confirmation. On the off chance that your score is essentially lower than the 25th percentile, your chances of getting in are extremely thin. The most effective method to Find a School's 25th/75th Percentile SAT Scores To discover a school's 25th and 75th percentile SAT scores, you can utilize the PrepScholar database. We've accomplished the work for you. On your preferred web crawler, you can connect (school name) SAT necessities prepscholar and you'll find the solutions you're searching for. For instance, in case you're looking for UCLA, simply Google UCLA SAT necessities prepscholar. Here is all the data for Stanford University. For another model, here is all the data for the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Additionally, you should discover a school's strategy with respect to score decision and superscoring. PrepScholar school profiles give that data to you also. Step by step instructions to Determine Your SAT Target Score While planning for your SAT, you ought to have an objective score as a top priority. Your objective score can impact your examining, test-taking systems, and propel you to continue improving your SAT abilities. Here's the way to decide your SAT target score. Make a rundown of the schools you're keen on applying to. The normal of their 75th percentile SAT scores will be your objective score. To decide your area target scores, isolate your SAT target score by 2. In case you're applying to a building or science program, your math score can be marginally higher. Essentially, in case you're applying to a humanities program, your perusing and composing score can be somewhat higher. For progressively explicit data about SAT target scores, look at the post on what's a decent SAT score. Will Getting a Low SAT Score Prevent You From Going to College? Getting a low SAT score may keep you from getting into the school you had always wanted, yet it shouldn't prevent you from setting off for college. There are various schools that don't require SAT scores by any means. Likewise, most junior colleges don't require SAT scores. You generally have the alternative of heading off to a 2-year school and moving to a 4-year college. Remember that on the off chance that you do ineffectively on your SAT, high evaluations in school prep classes can make up for low grades. How well you do in four years of secondary school is more imperative to universities than how well you do on one government sanctioned test. In any case, on the off chance that you need to contend in NCAA sports, there are least SAT and ACT scores you should be qualified to contend. It's as yet conceivable to get into school on the off chance that you have low SAT scores. There may not be exacting SAT prerequisites for explicit schools or school all in all, yet excelling on your SAT should give you more school alternatives and improve your probability that you'll be admitted to the universities you need to join in. What's Next? For those of you despite everything wanting to arrive at your SAT target score, read these articles on the most proficient method to improve your SAT score and how to get an ideal SAT score. Additionally, figure out how to assemble the most flexible school application. Baffled with your scores? Need to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've composed a guide about the best 5 techniques you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point: Have companions who likewise need assistance with test prep? Offer this article! Tweet Justin Berkman About the Author Justin has broad experience showing SAT prep and directing secondary school understudies through the school confirmations and choice procedure. He is immovably dedicated to improving value in training and helping understudies to arrive at their instructive objectives. Justin got an athletic grant for aerobatic at Stanford University and graduated with a BA in American Studies. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on the most proficient method to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Ask underneath and we'll answer! Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-62510812348297295992020-08-22T08:41:00.001-07:002020-08-22T08:41:13.491-07:00Help Shape Future Societies Into Great Ones Religion EssaysHelp Shape Future Societies Into Great Ones Religion Essays Help Shape Future Societies Into Great Ones Religion Essay Help Shape Future Societies Into Great Ones Religion Essay The Hebrew s left little writing to demo their imposts. Truth be told the solitary writing that is left from Hebrew society is otherworldly content. The core artistic plants being the Torah or Pentateuch, which is the initial five books of the Bible. These plants were non arranged all together of books until after the fall of the Hebrew state. From these writings we gain proficiency with a few things about how they lived. They were an extremely thorough society. They were non human-centric, yet accepted that God was the solitary of import being. This human advancement had a monotheistic conviction. The God that they revered was a just God and they did non request Him. God had full command over what took topographic point in their development. In the event that they addressed God they accepted that they would be rebuffed. In spite of the fact that Hebraic development is extremely unique in relation to present day twenty-four hours human advancement, there are three of import inside in formations that are as yet significant today. First Hebrew development was a Patriarchal society. Following, dress was of import to the situation of grown-up male. Last, justness was of import to their way of life. All through this exposition I am making a trip to elucidate how these things were winning to their general public and how they are as yet a part of our own today. One way that advanced human progress is like the Hebrew s is that it was a Patriarchal society. In the story of Noah in the book of Genesis no names of the grown-up females are referenced. Despite the fact that our general public has come a long way in this nation. We are as yet a grown-up male first society. In a marriage the grown-up females generally take the grown-up male s last name. A customary pre-marriage ceremony ordinarily finishes with the expression I currently present to you Mr. furthermore, Mrs. embed grown-up male s name here. In most two-parent puts the grown-up male is the caput of the family. T his is valid in my family unit in any event. Work powers are ordinarily the 1s that hold the vast majority of the significant level occupations in America. Most political spots are help by work powers each piece great. They ordinarily make a higher salary than grown-up females in a similar spot as them. In the story of innovative movement the Hebrew s saw Eve in a low-level place and accept that she was the ground for the pre-winter of grown-up male. This sets the stage for how starting now and into the foreseeable future grown-up females are nt referenced so a lot and are in lower puts in the Torah. In spite of the fact that our general public is nt near each piece male centric as the Hebrew s were, we despite everything have plentifulness of sexual orientation imbalance. Another characteristic of Hebrew progress that is as yet seeable today is the means by which clothes were of import and demonstrated the situation of grown-up male. This is obvious in the story of Joseph, which is other than in the book of Genesis. The coat that Joseph is given meant riches. The Jews cherished holding a cluster of shading in their array. The length of a coat other than was of import in the family unit. As Joseph rose in influence his attire exemplified more riches. As he fell in force or position he was deprived of his clothes or had clothes as pieces of clothing. In our general public today clothes much of the time do demo position. People groups need to buy the top exchange names so they can lift to a higher position or if nothing else seem like they are of a higher classification. People groups in high places are relied upon to have on more pleasant vesture than those in the lower classifications. People groups imagine this happens simply in secondary school with fledglings yet this is regular in adults each piece great. The expensive shops that well off, shrill individuals store at, ensure that it is non simple for low classification individuals to shop where they shop. Apparel, as in the Hebrew human advancement shows position of the social orders individuals. Third, justness was a property that was of import to the Hebrew s. It is something that is other than of import in our general public in spite of the way that we see it extremely in any case than the Hebrew s did in their clasp. Their situation of justness is shown in how God rebuffs His kin. It is appeared in a large number of the artistic plants that we have contemplated. The account of Creation shows their situation of justness. Adam was condemned to an existence of troublesome work alongside each other homo that was to come. Eve would suffer from birth strivings and the snake would eat soil. God had justness how he saw fit of rage. That would be the means by which the Hebrew s saw this situation. Equity is other than appeared in the story of Noah and the Tower of Babel. Today we take a gander at justness a little spot extraordinary. Our contemplations of justness appear to come to a grea t extent from the court. We consider liable until demonstrated unpracticed individual or an oculus for an oculus. We most likely inquiry things not at all like the Hebrew s. Actually justness is a perplexing thing in our social orders eyes. We without a doubt do nt hold an ideal justness framework, however it is something that we see actually amazingly, much like the Hebrew s. In choice, the Hebrew development has given a couple of things to our advanced twenty-four hours society. We contrast in numerous nations yet through clasp and a wide range of civilisations the entirety of the developments have shaped our general public into what it is today. The writing that has been abandoned from all civic establishments has given us a look into how our way of life has formed into what it is today. The Hebrew customs went along to us the attribute of a man centric culture. Despite the fact that along these lines, life previously and incompletely now has been all the more hard for grown-up f emales. Hebrew s other than identified with us in the way that vesture is of import to demoing the situation of grown-up male. Last, they esteemed justness. Despite the fact that they esteemed it extremely in any case than our general public, it was as yet of import to them, much like it is to our general public. Customs are passed down from coevalss to coevalss as they are passed down things modification. We perceive that through the writing that we read from the past civic establishments. As clasp passes by and more writing is composed we will at last be the past civic establishments. What we are go forthing behind today could help decide future social orders into incredible 1s! Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-19168858816803335262020-08-21T05:29:00.001-07:002020-08-21T05:29:30.970-07:00How to Analyze Your Competitive Landscape Using Game Theory How to Analyze Your Competitive Landscape Using Game Theory Success in business is hinged on many factors that owners and managers must focus on. One of these factors is the competition or, in a broader sense, the competitive climate that the business is operating in. This calls for looking and understanding the competitive landscape of the company. © Shutterstock.com | ImageFlowIn this article, you will first 1) get a short overview ot techniques to investigate the competitive landscape, and learn then about 2) using game theory to analyze your competitive landscape.THE COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPECompetitive landscape is simply defined as the analysis of how a business compares to other similar or competiting businesses. This analysis is often seen as all-encompassing, as it takes a look at a companyâs products, services, strengths, weaknesses, growth models, and even sales and market share levels. This also involves the identification of the companyâs rivals in the industry or the niche it belongs to, understanding what makes them tick, and figuring out how to hold their own and, eventually, do better than the competition.Why is there a need for businesses to know what their competitors are doing? Why should they care? Never forget that markets are essentially systems, where one action in one area may evoke responses from other areas. If a business hopes to have a solid footing in the market, it has to be aware of the possible responses of the competition. By knowing your competition, you are in a better position to understand why they responded in one way, instead of another way.In order to analyze a companyâs competitiveness in the face of its rivals and competitors, there are several techniques employed by the so-called competitive intelligence analysts. Here are some of the most commonly used techniques:ADL MatrixIn this matrix, analysts look into a companyâs level of industry maturity in relation to its competitive position, and how their relationship figures in the overall competitive strategy employed by the company. It tackles four stages in the industry life cycle: Embryonic, Growing, Mature, and Aging; while it named four competitive positions, namely: Weak, Tenable, Favorable, Strong and Dominant.Porterâs Five ForcesIn this framework developed by Michael Porter of Harvard Business School, the level of competitiveness of a company depends on the balance of power, or the 5 competitive forces that influences an industry: Rivalry or competition, Threat of New Entrants, Threat of Substitutes, Supplier Power and Buyer or Customer Power. In order for a company to have an advantage over its rivals in the industry, these forces have to be analyzed and used to determine the strengths and weaknesses of an industry.The Space MatrixThis analysis method focuses mainly on the competitive position of a company, taking into consideration its competitive advantage, financial strength, environmental stability and industry strength. The results of the analysis of these dimensions will enable the company to determine whether its strategic strength is classified as aggressive, competitive, conservative, or defensive.War GamingAs the phrase implies, war gaming involves playing out various scenarios of probable business actions or moves by competitors, and the possible responses of the com pany to these tactics and strategic moves. It is a simulation method used by many businesses in anticipation of their competitionâs actions. As a tool to analyze the competitive landscape, it is very useful in understanding barriers to entry, gathering competitive intelligence, validating competitorsâ strategies, and optimizing operational parameters.These are only a few of the techniques used by analysts to gain an understanding of the competitive landscape. Aside from the abovementioned techniques, there is one other method commonly used by analysts and even some of the largest companies in the world today, such as Microsoft and Chevron: the Game Theory.USING GAME THEORY TO ANALYZE COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPEMany are likely to think that War Gaming and Game Theory are one and the same or, at least, very similar.In order to anticipate the future actions or strategic moves of competitors, Game Theory serves as the âsystematic study of strategies for dealing with competitive situatio ns where the results of one party will depend largely on that of the other parties or playersâ. Simply put, it recognizes that the success of making a choice or a decision will depend largely on the choices or decisions made by others.The similarities seen by many between War Gaming and Game Theory is probably due to the fact that the latter traces its origins in military theory, based largely on several warfare strategies and tactics that were used during the cold war. Thanks to mathematics, it has evolved into something more structured; hence, the Game Theory that we know about today.There is one important note to be aware of when using Game Theory to analyze the competitive landscape of a business: it is relevant only when there are relatively few players, or competitors, within that landscape. The results of the analysis becomes slightly irrelevant when there are a lot of players involved, since the impact of an action by one player will not be significant for the others. This method also entails looking hard at pay-offs and, with multiple players in the fold, thereâs a chance that analysts will end up looking at a multitude of possible outcomes, which will eventually cloud the results of the analysis.Through Game Theory, businesses can determine the probable strategies that will be employed by their competitors in order to maximize their business objectives. It is also a way for them to get into their competitorsâ heads and understand how their own choices have influenced those strategies.Elements of the GameLet us first take a look at the concept of âgameâ in Game Theory. There are five components involved:A set of players, or the decision-makers;A set of available strategies, actions or moves that players can make at specific points in the game;A set of payoffs or outcomes that are determined by the sequences of strategies or moves made by the players;Sets of information or knowledge that players will base their decisions or choices on; andEqu ilibria, or a stable result, where players may have considered all the information and the actions and strategies of other players, but still did not change their earlier choice or decision.A game of chess has often been likened to the game played in business or economics. There are the players squaring off against each other over a chessboard, with moves that they can use, all of which have been defined by the rules of chess. It is possible that the more experienced player wins while the other loses, or the other way around. But another possibility is that the game ends up in a draw, with neither team having a decisive win. This whole concept is also applicable in business, where you have two firms or companies pitted against each other, selling the same products or services in the same industry, and targeting the same market or audience. They have their own sets of strategies in order to sell more, or reach more of the market. The possible outcomes include one company outdoing or âoutsellingâ the other, or both companies making the same impact to the market, more like a âdrawâ in a game of chess.Knowing the elements of a game will help us better understand they key assumptions of Game Theory.The players are rational maximizers. The competitors are seen as individuals or entities that add up and look at the pros and cons of every action or decision, and make a choice based on the outcome, choosing that which maximizes the benefit in his favor. Essentially, the players are seen as egoists, tending to display rational behavior when it is their own interests at play.The general argument against this assumption is on the presumed rationality of the players. After all, in the real world, not all humans do behave rationally, even if it is for their own benefits.The players have full information about each other. The Game Theory assumes that the competitors or players already understand everything that you are doing, as well as everything that they can do.Al l the payoffs are known. The players are fully aware of what the possible outcomes are, and what payoffs are expected.In reality the full information and payoffs are not known with certainty.Type of Games and Modes of PlayIn Game Theory, there are two types of games: the simultaneous games and the sequential games. 1. Simultaneous GamesIn this type of game, the moves are made at the same time. In a business context, it could mean two or three competitors making choices simultaneously, even before knowing what choices or decisions the other players are making.An example would be two U.S. fast food chains â" let us call them Company A and Company B â" deciding whether to enter the Southeast Asian Market or not. Both are aware of the other contemplating on this entry, and they are also mulling over the decision at the same time.The two companies make their own analysis on the market entry, and come up with a decision without waiting to hear what the other company has decided on. For instance, Company A may have decided to enter the market without knowing that Company B decided not to set up shop in the region. 2. Sequential GamesAs the name implies, these are games where the strategies or moves are made in sequence. The classic example is a game of chess, where one player cannot make a move unless the other player is done with his turn. They will be making their move based on the action or move previously made by the competition. Logical reasoning often comes into play here, since the players strategize after the competition has made their choice.In the example used in the Simultaneous Games, let us assume that Company A already has entered the Southeast Asian market, and Company B is contemplating on whether to follow suit or not. Company B saw that Company A is doing well in the region, so now it is seriously considering opening its fast food chain in the region as well. This is sequential, since Company B is only making a decision after Company A has made it s move.More than timing, what really differentiates these games is the availability of information before they make their own moves. In the real world, businesses actually play both games, combining elements of simultaneous and sequential games when making decisions.There are two modes of play prevalent in Game Theory. a. Non-cooperative GamesThis approach assumes that each player aims to maximize its own profit, depending on how the other players will act. In these types of games, players have a âdominant strategyâ, or that one strategy that provides a payoff higher than the others, regardless of the choice or decision made by the other players. When faced with several options or choices, Game Theory would hold that the company should pick that which is best, since it is its dominant strategy.We have to take into account the so-called âNash Equilibriumâ, formulated by inventor John Nash. This is that state where âno player has an incentive to deviate from his chosen strat egy, even after taking into consideration the choice or decision made by the competition or other players. In short, even if the other players revealed their playing hand or their actions, it will not affect your own behavior or make you change your earlier decision or strategy, for the simple reason that it will not benefit you to do so. It becomes an equilibrium if the other player does the same, and neither of you has an incentive to change his chosen strategy.In conjunction with the Nash Equilibrium, the Prisonersâ Dilemma concept was also tackled. It gave the classic example of two prisoners being held for questioning in separate cells, with each of them given two choices: betray the other by turning in evidence and get a lighter jail sentence for it, or choosing not to snitch and keep quiet. It is either Defect or betray the other prisoner, or cooperate with the other prisoner and say nothing.The highest payoff is clear: getting a shorter jail sentence. However, there is a c hance that the two prisoners may choose to defect and betray each other. This would result in longer jail sentences for both of them. If only one defects and the other cooperates, the latter will get the harsher punishment, while the former will get the higher payoff.Nash equilibrium takes place when the two players choose to defect, because none of them is able to improve his situation or get the maximum possible payoff.Non-cooperative games are often presented in two forms: the extensive form and the normal form.Extensive Form: Normally used to represent non-cooperative games, this representation makes use of trees, with nodes (or vertex) representing points where the players have to make choices. It is somewhat similar to a decision tree, with lines representing possible actions and the payoffs presented at the bottom.In this form, the game is structured, with perfect information provided and decision-making done in a sequential manner. It begins with one player choosing one of a series of choices, and another player making a choice after having seen the decision by the first player. It ends when each player has obtained their payoffs.Normal Form: Also used for non-cooperative games, the normal form makes use of a matrix or a square with the main elements of the game â" the players, actions/strategies, and payoffs â" fully mapped out, with all the strategies or actions clearly associated with a payoff for each player.This representation also works best in simultaneous games, or games where the players make decisions without knowledge of the choices of the other players.b. Cooperative GamesThese take on a cooperative behavior among players, where they collaborate and agree on their strategic decisions and choices. The choices are made jointly, instead of separately.While there is no major argument against the overall cooperative approach, the main question arises with respect to the sustainability of its rewards. There are possibilities where a player can defect from what was agreed upon â" after all, there is an incentive to do so, as the benefits could be greater for the player if it chooses to unilaterally alter its decision or switch strategies.Framework of Game TheoryThe applicability of the Game Theory varies, depending on the circumstances or the situations being evaluated or analyzed. However, over the years, analysts have been able to simplify its application. Here is a framework that can be followed by analysts when using the Game Theory to evaluate the competitive landscape.Defining the problem.Identifying the critical factors affecting competition, such as differentiated products, timing of entry, costs of entry and exit, and other variable costs.Building a game model. This would largely depend on the number of players involved, and what approach will be taken. Will it be cooperative, or non-cooperative?Development of intuition through the model built.Formulation of a strategy, after taking into account all the possible scenarios and situations.At best, the Game Theory is designed to come up with optimal rather than maximum strategies. It may not be the best and most recommended competitive intelligence analysis tool â" even now, there are some questions on its applicability â" but it certainly helps in providing businesses a clearer picture of the competitive field. Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-22806502545274765402020-05-24T15:28:00.001-07:002020-05-24T15:28:03.755-07:00The Criminal Justice System - 2593 Words In the criminal justice system there is very rarely a single linchpin that can be pointed to and held responsible for the failure to convict a seemingly guilty person. This reigns true for the very public prosecutions of both Casey Anthony and George Zimmerman. In the eyes of a vast majority of the public, fueled by media spectacle and opinion, Anthony and Zimmerman were guilty even before they ever saw the inside of a courtroom. There simply could be no other answer. The public was subsequently outraged when, after what seemed to be trials of certainty, juries acquitted each. The public sought to find someone, or something to blame. The verdict could not be accepted and many turned their focus to condemn the workings of the criminalâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In each case we can seek to highlight what the defense did right, what the prosecution did wrong, the evidence in each case, the media s role, and how all of these things worked together to lead the juries to decide the way they did. Overview of the Cases It is important to start with a brief overview of the cases to re-familiarize the details and circumstances; for brevity, only an overview of each case is presented. In July of 2008, a 2-year-old Caylee Anthony is missing as her grandmother calls the police to report that her daughter s car smells as if it had contained a dead body (CNN, 2014a). When questioned about the whereabouts of her daughter, Casey Anthony admitted that she hadn t seen her in 31 days. She claimed that Caylee was with her nanny, Zenaida Fernandez-Gonzales (Hustmyre, 2014). One day after the 911 call Anthony was arrested on suspicion of child neglect, filing false official statements, and obstructing a criminal investigation, she was later released on bond; meanwhile Caylee is still missing (CNN, 2014a). In September of 2008 the police announced that they did not believe that Caylee was still alive, and in December their suspicions were confirmed (ABC News, 2011a). Anthony was to face trial for the murder of her daughter; prosecutors would seek the death penalty. Anthony s jury was sequestered throughout the trial, and after only 11 hours of deliberation they announced that they acquitted Anthony of any culpability in her Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-32907505632231179362020-05-13T22:02:00.001-07:002020-05-13T22:02:03.496-07:00Education Has Changed The High Quality Education - 2792 Words Background context Since early 2000s, education has gradually become one of largest service industry in Australia (Department of Education). Large number of students from all different parts of the world choose to come to Australia for its high quality education. Some of them are international students while many others are new immigrants. To be more specific, international enrolments occupied 13% of total VCE and IB (Year 11 and 12) enrolments in 2011 (VCAA, 2012) and 27% of the students are from language backgrounds other than English. This number has certainly grown over the last 4 years. Itââ¬â¢s a clear indication that there are large number of students who are not native user of English in Victorian secondary schools. Those students cameâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦As a result, those EAL students will struggle due to lack of understanding in the class and gradually lose their motivation to study when they compare themselves to other mainstream students. According to Fernesten (2008), EAL stu dents often fail to perceive themselves as an user of English, but instead they ââ¬Å"reflect the conflict, struggle, and tension of differences in Englishâ⬠. Fernesten then further explained the term ââ¬Å"differences in Englishâ⬠implies that EAL students will often compare themselves to native users of English, and have desire to gain ââ¬Å"native-like language competenceâ⬠as their goal. However their desire of achieving ââ¬Ënative-like competenceââ¬â¢ do not enhence their language ability, but instead sets a barrier between EAL students and other mainstream students as they (EAL students) see themselves being different from mainstream students and would often exclude themselves from class participation as they afraid of make mistakes in the class. This has significanrly limited their learning in the class. From the same research, Fernesten (2008) concluded that majority of EAL students ââ¬Å"feel inferior to native user of English and see themselves as outsidersâ⬠. This will be particularly problematic for schools with large number of EAL enrolments. As a result, many schools have launched various learning support and inclusion policies to accommodate such problems. Policy Artefacts My last placement school is a prestigious Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-41215682967663588592020-05-06T14:22:00.001-07:002020-05-06T14:22:37.130-07:00Forfeiture Clauses in Construction Contract Free Essays string(61) " on and to follow its actual wording as closely as possible\." In building and engineering contracts it is usual to insert a provision empowering the employer to forfeit certain rights or property of the contractor on the occurrence of certain events. ââ¬Å"Forfeiture clauseâ⬠is a loose term usually used to describe a clause in a written building contract giving the employer the right upon the happening of an event to determine the contract or the contractorââ¬â¢s employment under it, or to eject the contractor from the site, or otherwise to take the work substantially out of his hands. In standard form building contracts it is usually referred to as ââ¬Ëdetermination of employmentââ¬â¢ or termination. We will write a custom essay sample on Forfeiture Clauses in Construction Contract or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this sense JCT SBC 05 clauses 8. 4 and 8. 9 which relates to termination by employer and contractor respectively are forfeiture clauses. It is common in construction contracts to find determination clauses allowing either side to bring their contractual obligations to an end should an event specified occur due to the actions or inactions of the other. It would seem that common law determination and determination under a clause of contract are alternatives. There are differences between the processes. First, whereas common law determination depends upon repudiatory conduct or a fundamental breach, the grounds of determination specified by the contract need not exhibit these features, although frequently such will be present. Second, the remedies for common law determination are provided by law, whereas with a contractual determination the clause itself must expressly deal with the issue of remedies. Third, at common law in the face of repudiatory conduct or fundamental breach the innocent party need only indicate to the other that he accepts the breach and considers the contract discharged. Under a contractual determination clause the procedure specified must be carefully followed, failure to so may prevent a successful determination. The right of forfeiture may be stipulated to accrue either 1) on the bankruptcy of the contractor only, or ) on his bankruptcy and also on the occurrence of other events, or 3) on the occurrence of other events only Clause 8. 5. 1 of the JCT SBC 05 states that if the contractor is insolvent, the employment may at any time by notice to the contractor terminate the contractorââ¬â¢s employment. Similarly Clause 8. 10. 1 of the JCT SBC 05 states that the employer is insolvent, the contractor may by notice to the employer terminate the Contractorââ¬â¢s employment under the contract. A provision empowering the employer to forfeit the contract on the bankruptcy of the contractor is introduced into building and engineering contracts for the purpose of preventing a contractorââ¬â¢s trustee in bankruptcy from electing to complete the contract, and such a provision is valid, if it is coupled with a stipulation that the contractorââ¬â¢s contract shall be a personal one; and further, so far as the forfeiture affects the mere licence of the contractor to enter upon the site, it would seem that the revocation of that licence can be conditioned on bankruptcy, as a mere licence does not seem to be included in the definition of property[1]. A trustee, however, would be entitled to enter the site to remove property of the bankrupt in respect of which the employer had no right under the contract The validity of a right to forfeit on the bankruptcy of the contractor is dependent on the nature of what is stipulated to be forfeited. In addition to bankruptcy, forfeiture is usually conditioned upon the happening of one or more of the following events: 1)not commencing the work 2) not regularly proceeding with the work for a fixed number of days[2], 3) not proceeding to the satisfaction of the employer or the architect[3], 4) not proceeding with such despatch as, in the opinion of the architect, will enable the works to be duly completed by the time stipulated, 5) not observing some stipulations of the contract[4] 6) leaving the works in an unfinished state, or 7)failing after proper notice to rectify defective work, 8) not maintaining the works[5] JCT 05 SBC Clause 8. states: 1. Notice of termination of the Contractorââ¬â¢s employment shall not be given unreasonably or vexatiously. 2. Such termination shall take effect on receipt of the relevant notice 3. Each notice referred to in this section shall be given in writing and given by actual, special or recorded delivery. Where given by special or recorded deliv ery it shall, subject to proof to the contrary, be deemed to have been received on the Second Business Day after the date of posting. Also Clause 8. 3 of the JCT 05 states: 1. The provisions of clauses 8. 4 to 8. 7 are without prejudice to any other rights and remedies of the Employer. The provisions of clauses 8. 9 and 8. 10 and (in the case of termination under either of those clauses) the provisions of clauses 8. 12, are without prejudice to any other rights and remedies of the contractor. 2. Irrespective of the grounds of termination, the contractorââ¬â¢s employment may at any time be reinstated if and on such terms as the parties may agree The requirements of the contract must be properly complied with, for the courts construe forfeiture clauses strictly[6], and a wrongful forfeiture by the employer or his agent normally amounts to a repudiation on the part of the employer[7]. There must be some definite unqualified act showing that the power has been exercised, although writing or other formality is not necessary unless expressly required. The contract may also require a certain notice to be given, and that such notice must set out the default complained of[8]. In appropriate circumstances the notice may be of a general character and need not necessarily refer to the number of the clause which is being invoked, provided that there is no doubt that it is exercising or purporting to exercise the contractual power of determination[9]. But it is obviously preferable to state explicitly the clause relied on and to follow its actual wording as closely as possible. You read "Forfeiture Clauses in Construction Contract" in category "Papers" It also seems that if a material statement in such a notice is made recklessly, without an honest belief in its truth, the notice is a nullity. Forfeiture in reliance on such a notice would be ineffective and would normally amount to repudiation by the employer. When an event occurs which gives rise to the right to forfeit, the power of forfeiture must be exercised within a reasonable time or the employer will be deemed to have waived his ight unless the event is a continuing breach of contract. Where the contract provides for termination of the contract by a warning notice followed by a termination and two notices have been served, a party can only rely on that provision if an ordinary commercial businessman can see that that there is a sensible connection between the two notices b oth in content and in time as seen in the case of Architectural Installation Services v James Gibbon Windows[10] Also, where the contract provides for completion by a certain date and also provides for forfeiture for delay, and the completion date has passed, it is a question of construction whether the forfeiture clause for delay can still be enforced. Thus where the object of the clause was to enable the architect to ââ¬Å"have the means of requiring the works to be proceeded with in such a manner and at such a rate of progress as to ensure their completion at the time stipulatedâ⬠it was held that the clause did not apply after the completion date[11]. But in another contract where the clause provided ââ¬Å"for the execution of the work with due diligence and as much expedition as the surveyor will requireâ⬠, it was held that the clause was as much applicable to the fulfilment of the contract within a reasonable time as to its completion by the contract date. The parties may agree that any consequences may follow the exercise of a right of forfeiture[12], provided there is no illegality, nor fraud on the bankruptcy law, and the clause is not so onerous that it will not be enforced on the grounds that it is a penalty[13]. The employer is usually given the right to take possession of the site and complete the works. In addition, there is frequently a clause vesting the property in unfixed materials, and perhaps plant, in the employer, or there may be merely a right to seize the materials[14] or hold them by way of lien[15] until they are built into the works, or there may be clauses giving the employer rights to use the contractorââ¬â¢s plants and materials[16]. Where the contractor is guilty of any of the defaults specified in clause 8. . 1 JCT 05 SBC, the contract administrator is to issue a written notice specifying the default. If the default is then continued for 14 days, the employer may within 10 days of the continuance terminate the contractorââ¬â¢s employment by using a notice to this effect. Furthermore, if termination does not take place on this occasion, any subsequent repetition of a specified default gives the employer the right to terminate immediately; there is no need (and indeed no power) to issue a second default notice. 17] It is also expressly provided under clause 8. 2. 1 that a notice of termination is not to be given ââ¬Ëunreasonably or vexatiouslyââ¬â¢ When an employer, in exercise of his rights under a forfeiture clause, enters and completes the work and uses the contractorââ¬â¢s materials or plant, or holds retention money due to the contractor, he must, subject to the provisions of the contact, account to the contractor. He will have to show that that the materials and plant and money were expended reasonably[18]. The Court, it would seem ,as seen in Fulton v Dornwell[19], will make full allowance for extra cost caused by the disruption and delay occasioned by the contractorââ¬â¢s default. Also, where the employer determines the contract under a forfeiture clause because of some breach of contract by the contractor, the employerââ¬â¢s right to damages depends upon the wording of the contract. He may not be entitled to the enhanced cost of completing by another contractor if the breach for which he determined the contract did not amount to repudiation and the contract does not so provide. 20] Termination of contract was examined in the recent case between Ellis Tylin ltd v Co-operative Retail services[21]. Co-operative Retail services Ltd (CRS) is a national retailer which operates from approximately 730 premises across the country. In early 1996 it contracted with Ellis Tylin the task of maintaining and repairing mechanical and electrical plant within its various premises. The contract w as for a period of three years with provision for revision of rates of payment at the end of the first and second years. Disputes arose as to the scope and responsibility for works carried out under the agreement and the operation of the contract came to an end three months after the end of the first year. Clause 1. 8 of the agreement concerned the review of fees for the maintenance services and the rights of either party to terminate the contract in the event that agreement could not be reached. Disputes arose as to whether the proper mechanisms for termination had been applied and the court was asked to consider these questions as preliminary issues. It was acknowledged that the right of Ellis Tylin to end the agreement pursuant to clause 18 only arose if Ellis Tylin first took the action described within that clause. This involved making a written proposal for the revision of the amount of the fees after the expiry of ten months from the date of commencement of works. CRS argued that Ellis Tylin had failed to follow this procedure. Counsel for CRS submitted that clause 1. 8 of the contract should be construed either as a determination clause or as a break clause comparable to the type of provision found in leases. Strict compliance was required. The act of contractual determination was one which deprived the other party of the benefit of the contract it had concluded. His honour Judge Bowsher QC reviewed textbooks on the subject of contractual termination. In Chitty on contracts (27th edition)[22], it was stated ââ¬Å"the terms of the of the termination notice may provide that notice can only be given after a specified eventâ⬠. In the Interpretaion of contracts by Kim Lewison QC[23], it is stated ââ¬Å"An option to terminate is construed in the same manner as any other option, and accordingly any condition must be strictly complied with. Any condition precedent must be strictly fulfilled. The clause must be exercised strictly in accordance with its termsâ⬠. Also Hudsonââ¬â¢s Building and Engineering (11th edition) states[24], ââ¬Å"Exact and meticulous compliance by the determining party with any formal or procedural requirements laid down in the termination clause, for example, as to notices or time limits, will usually be required if a contractual termination is to be successfulâ⬠Judge Bowsher added however, that words in a contract should be given a natural and ordinary meaning and he quoted Lord Diplock when he said in Antaios Cia Naveira SA v Salen Rederierna AB[25]: ââ¬Å"if detailed semantic and syntactical words in a commercial contract is going to lead to a conclusion that flouts business common sense, it must be made to yield to business common senseâ⬠. Judge Bowsher concluded that whilst Ellis Tylin had given notice earlier than the time period set down in the contract, there could be no doubt of the intention that negotiations should take place for a revision of the fee. Taking into account all the evidence he concluded that Ellis Tylin had given valid notice of termination of agreement. However, subsequent evidence showed that the parties had in fact agreed revision to the fees to be submitted to the second year of the contract. Accordingly the notice of the termination had been overridden, and could not be regarded as a valid notice. By ceasing to work following expiry of its invalid termination notice, Ellis Tylin had repudiated the contract. The wrongful operation of a termination clause (i. e when you are not entitled to) amounts to repudiation. A contractual power of determination will be wrongly exercised if the events upon which it is conditioned are not established (unless the contract provides for that question to be concluded by a binding opinion or certificate). In the great majority of modern contracts the question will be subject to review by an arbitrator or the courts, however; and it has also been seen that the courts have, under some clauses, been prepared to imply a term that the exercise of the power itself should be reasonable as seen in Renard Construction v Minister of Public Works[26]. Contractual determinations will also be wrongful if exercised prematurely in breach of a contractual time limit, however marginally. It is an unavoidable feature of construction contracts that an employerââ¬â¢s purported determination will in nearly all cases constitute a repudiatory breach, if whatever the general merits, it later transpires that the determination was invalid. In such a case, if the contractor has accepted the repudiation by leaving the site, the owner will be liable for the possible heavy damages attendant upon repudiation and cannot, if he discovers his mistake, restore the contract status quo ante without the agreement of the contractor. The purported exercise of a power to forfeit may be invalidated either by reason of the fact that the events upon which it is conditioned have not occurred; or, that a correct notice has not been given[27], or that that a sufficiently clear election to exercise the right has not been made, or that there has been a been delay or other conduct recognising the continued existence of the contract after knowledge of the breach, if the breach is not a continuing one. Generally, the measure of damages in the case of a wrongful forfeiture falls to be determined by the ordinary common law rules. Per Lord Cranworth in Ranger v G. W. R. y,[28]: ââ¬Å"The right of the appellant (the contractor) would be to recover such amount of damages as would put him in as nearly as possible the same position as if no such wrong has been committed-that is, not as if there had been no contract, but as if he had been allowed to complete the contract without interruptionâ⬠In Smith v Howden Union (1890), the plaintiff had nearly completed a sewerage contract and the engineer fraudulently refused to certify. The defendants took possession of the works and certain plant. It was held that the plaintiff was entitled to damages for prevention of completion, such damages being what he would have been entitled to if he had completed and the engineer had certified; and judgement was given for the unpaid balance of the contract price, extras properly ordered, extras properly certified, and the value of the plant seized. The principle remedy for any breach of contract is an award for damages. As a general principle, where an employer is guilty of a breach of a construction contract, the contractor is entitled to damages under two headings. The first is damages for any actual loss that has been suffered, and the second is damages for any profit of which the contractor had been deprived. Where the employerââ¬â¢s breach is sufficient to justify the contractor in terminating the contract, the contractor is entitled to damages reflecting everything which would have een received under the contract, or proportion of it that remains outstanding at the date of termination, less what it would have cost the contractor to complete the work. It has been clearly established that the damages should include the profit element on work remaining to be done as seen in the landmark case of Wraight Ltd v P H T (Holdings) Ltd[29]. Where, however, the contract is one which the contractor had under-priced and on which t he contractor would thus have made no profit, only nominal damages will be awarded for the employerââ¬â¢s breach. This is because as seen in CP Haulage v Middleton[30], an award of damages should not put the claimant in a better position than if the contract had been performed. But if this procedure was relentless pursued it would lead to a party in default having to pay ââ¬Ëfor all loss de facto resulting from a particular breach however improbable, however unpredictableââ¬â¢. [31] The courts therefore set a limit to the loss for which damages are recoverable, and loss beyond such limit is said to be remote. The famous rule as stated in the case Hadley v Baxendale[32] is: Where two parties have made a contract which one of them has broken the damages which the other party ought to receive in respect of such breach of contract should be such as may fairly and reasonably be considered either (1) arising naturally, i. e according to the usual course of things from such breach of contract itself, or (2) such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties at th e time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach of itâ⬠This is demonstrated in the case of Balfour Beatty Construction (Scotland) Ltd v Scottish Power Plc[33]. The claimants there, who were constructing a concrete aqueduct over a main road, installed a concrete batching plant and arranged for the defendants to supply electricity to it. The claimants needed to pour all the concrete in a single continuous operation and so, when the electricity supply failed, the claimants had to demolish all the work which had been done. Unsurprisingly, it was held that while the defendants were clearly in breach of contract because of the power failure, they were not liable for the extra losses nvolved in the demolition and reconstruction, since the claimants had not informed them that a continuous pour was essential. It has long been established that contractorââ¬â¢s claims for loss and expense under express contractual provisions are assessed in exactly the same way as damages for breach of contract. Any disruption to the regular process of work under a contract may lead the contractor to incur administrative costs, such as the diversion of managerial t ime and effort, at head office. If so, these costs may justifiably be claimed, but it will not be simply assumed that such losses have been suffered. They must be specified and properly supported by the evidence, for example by records of the time spent by individuals in dealing with the particular problem[34]. Where the contract period is prolonged by something for which the employer is contractually responsible, the contractor may may also seek to claim in respect of general office overheads. When making application for the head office overheads part of loss and/or expense under Standard Form Building Contracts, contractors often base their claim on a formula. The Courts have never given approval to the use of formula in this way although they have accepted the use of formulae in certain cases which generally were decided on their own facts. Indeed, the courts have tended to disapprove formulae unless as a last resort or the parties have agreed their use as seen in Alfred Mc Alpine Homes North Ltd v Property Land Contractors Ltd[35]. Actual costs are normally required. Claims for head office overheads are essentially claims for lost opportunity to contribute to those overheads, because the overheads do not actually change or, if they do, the amount of any extra overheads directly resulting from the delay can be claimed separately. Formulae assume a healthy construction industry and a contractor with finite resources with the result that if he is delayed on a project, he will be deprived of the chance to take other work. Where the industry is sluggish or where the contractor is so large that turning away work does not arise, the latter will face difficult problems in showing the lost opportunity[36]. There are several formulae in common use notably Emden formula, Eichleay formula and Hudson formula. Also a contractor who has accepted the wrongful repudiation is not restricted to suing for damages for breach on contract. He may, as an alternative, where he has elected to treat the contract as rescinded, sue upon a quantum meruit. The expression quantum meruit means ââ¬Å"the amount he deservesâ⬠or ââ¬Å"what the job is worthâ⬠. A quantum reuit clause claim is one in which the contractor seeks payment of the reasonable value of work done for the employer. Where the employer is in breach of contract, the crucial question is whether the contractor in such circumstances can simply ignore the contract and instead claim a reasonable sum for all the work done, even if this means that the contractor recovers more than what would have recovered under the contract. In the situation where there is a contract, then the issue in a Contractual Quantum Meruit claim is either the measure of the ââ¬Å"reasonable sumâ⬠or the interpretation of similarly wide express terms. The issue is whether the measure is on the basis of cost or market price. There appears to be no hard and fast rule. In the case of an express contract to do work at an unquantified price, the measure is the reasonable remuneration of the contractor Serck Controls Ltd. v Drake Scull Engineering Ltd[37]. In the case where there was a contract, the assessment of a quantum meruit was usually based on actual cost which would include on and off site overheads provided that it was reasonable and was reasonably and not unnecessarily incurred, plus an appropriate addition for profit[38] Judge Bowsher QC in Laserbore Ltd v Morrison Biggs Wall Ltd[39] had to decide the meaning of the term ââ¬Å"Fair and reasonable payments for all works executedâ⬠. He considered that the costs plus basis was wrong in principle even though in some instances it may produce the right result. The appropriate approach was to adopt general market rates. How to cite Forfeiture Clauses in Construction Contract, Papers Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-12114396151185839952020-05-05T15:13:00.001-07:002020-05-05T15:13:12.917-07:00Business Plan of a CafÃÆé Classic Coffee Question: Describe business plan of a classic coffee caf. Answer: Classic Coffee is a coffee shop located in Frankston, Victoria. It will owned by Mr. J. Citizen. The product range will include different type of coffees as well as bakery products (Abrams, 2003). The company will focus on offering freshly prepared superior quality food and beverages along with excellent service (Blackwell, 2011). These two factors will be considered to be the core competencies of the business. Target market will include people belonging to middle income group and the age of 15 to 40. Prices of the products will be low in order to attract the target market. The ambience and the rich aroma of coffee ad baking will attract the people passing by the caf (Kienan, 2000). It has been anticipated that the demand will increase gradually in the first year of operation. The market is extensively competitive and in order to achieve sustainable growth in the dynamic Australian market, the caf needs to design effective marketing and operational strategies. The vision of the caf i s to become the most popular and preferred caf of Frankston (Fullen, 2005). The major goal of the caf in order to achieve long term growth includes the following: 1. Retention of the talented workforce in Classic Caf 2. Enhancing the quality of product and services continuously for satisfying the customers and achieve high level of customer loyalty (Abrams and Vallone, 2008). 3. Increase in customer base and average sales size by 20% each year. 4. Product differentiation 5. Enhancing stock control 6. Maintaining healthy relationship with the suppliers. 7. Adoption of sustainable business practices for supporting the society and environment. References Abrams, R. (2003).The successful business plan. Palto Alto, Calif.: Planning Shop. Abrams, R. and Vallone, J. (2008).Successful marketing. Palo Alto, Calif.: The Planning Shop. Blackwell, E. (2011).How to Prepare a Business Plan. London: Kogan Page. Fullen, S. (2005).Opening a restaurant or other food business starter kit. Ocala, Fla.: Atlantic Pub. Group. Kienan, B. (2000).Small business solutions. Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Press. Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-90336531405748942772020-04-02T18:04:00.001-07:002020-04-02T18:04:03.792-07:00ADHD Diagnosis Relief and Fear for Others EssaysADHD Diagnosis Relief and Fear for Others Essays ADHD Diagnosis Relief and Fear for Others Essay ADHD Diagnosis Relief and Fear for Others Essay Today, in the United States there are 5 million kids, adolescence and grownups that are diagnosed with larning disablements ( NCLD ) . There are no known factors that cause larning disablements ; therefore these disablements are non the consequence of economic disadvantages, environmental factors or cultural differences. To be labeled as holding a learning disablement is potentially stigmatising for both the person and household members MacMaster, Donovan A ; MacIntyre ( 2002 ) . Factors associating to being labeled can ensue in hapless socialisation accomplishments, academic failure, and cognitive shortages that might interfere with the development of the kid s self- regard. The National Center for Learning Disabilities ( NCLD ) classifies Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) as a acquisition disablement where the person has a trouble remaining attentive, commanding his or her behaviour and is overactive. About one tierce of persons with larning disablements besides ha ve ADHD. There is a contention among pedagogues sing the injury a kid goes through when they foremost find out that there is something incorrect with them ; Timimi A ; Leo ( 2009 ) believe that a individual diagnosing relieves emphasis, defeat and frights from the parent when they are faced with the complex undertaking of their kid s instruction. For whatever ground, some parents push for their kid to be labeled merely in order to have single services. However, there has been a recent realisation of the upset and hence an addition in the figure of persons that are diagnosed for intervention of ADHD. The quality of services the ADHD kid receives can change harmonizing to each school territory. Unlike specific subject-based larning disablements such as linguistic communication, reading or math, the option of stimulating medicine could be used to assist handle ADHD. The intervention of ADHD remains controversial while the diagnosing and prescriptions of stimulating medicine has gone t hrough a steep addition in the past few decennaries in most Western Societies Timimi ( 2009 ) . The addition in the figure of ADHD diagnosing is due to the better apprehension of ADHD, and the alteration in the manner society classifies and trades with kids s behaviours. This alteration is a move from believing about a kid s behaviour as normal to believing that these behaviours are symptoms of a medical status. This paper argues that the usage of stimulating medicine should non be an option for the intervention of ADHD in preschool-aged kids because they are still developing and demand to larn to command their urges. For kids in simple school, behavioural intervention should be the primary class of action and stimulating medicine should be considered as the last class of action. It is necessary for both age groups to develop womb-to-tomb accomplishments that train the encephalon how to concentrate instead than merely ordering medicine that could potentially lose its authority over clip. What is ADHD? Rowland, Lesesne A ; Abromowitz ( 2002 ) , province that presently, ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopment upsets of childhood. Daley, Jones, Hutchings and Thompson ( 2008 ) , describe ADHD as a continual form of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity that correlates with the kid s developmental province. These symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity typically arise in early childhood and can do cross-situational damage from place to school. Troubles include hapless ordinance of emotions, jobs with motor co-ordination and low defeat tolerance. Children with ADHD are at hazard of non developing appropriate socialisation accomplishments, may hold hapless academic accomplishment and hapless life-skills and this deficiency of basic accomplishments can transport into maturity. Those with ADHD tend to dawdle about two old ages behind their equals in societal development which explains why ADHD has co-morbidities with other psychiatric and developmental upsets i n about 30-70 % of kids with ADHD Rowland et Al. ( 2002 ) . These kids are more likely to see more societal rejection by their equals. Having ADHD is serious non merely to one s instruction, but to one s overall wellness. Those with ADHD are at an increased hazard for prosecuting in life endangering behaviours such as smoke, unprotected sex, intoxicant and drug maltreatment. It is reported that ADHD drivers have 50 % more moving misdemeanors and three times more accidents than the normal population Rowland et Al. ( 2002 ) . Woodard ( 2006 ) raises the concern that some parents and primary attention suppliers are discerning that stimulating medicine may ensue in a future maltreatment of illegal stimulation drugs. Children with ADHD usage more medical and mental wellness services than other kids because they are 10 times every bit likely to prosecute in ego inflicted hurt and twice every bit likely to run the hazard of serious hurt DiScala EL al.,1998. On a fiscal position, those wi th ADHD had twice the sum of medical costs and ten times the sum of outpatient mental wellness services compared to the normal population. Therefore, those with ADHD disproportionately use the mental wellness system. Monitoring and long term surveies on the effects of stimulating medicine are necessary in explicating a public wellness response and cut downing hazardous wellness behaviours. Rise in Diagnosis and Prescriptive Treatment of ADHD Timimi ( 2009 ) , states that in Western civilizations rates of diagnosing and prescriptions of psychiatric medicine for ADHD has dramatically increased in the last few decennaries. Rowland et Al. ( 2002 ) , indicates the progressively big figure of kids being treated for ADHD is a concern for the overall general populace and wellness functionaries. The rapid addition in the figure of kids being prescribed medicine connects back to the concern over whether the diagnosing is being made decently Rowland et Al. ( 2002 ) . Harmonizing to the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately 2 million kids have ADHD. Three quarters of these 2 million kids are identified as taking Ritaline, one of the more popular stimulation medicines used in the intervention of ADHD. In some of the more richness vicinities in the United States, it is noted that over 15 % of Caucasic male childs go toing simple school in are being treated with some signifier of stimulating medicine for ADHD. In 2005 ther e was a reported addition in baby doctors ordering an extra stimulation to the cocktail if the first medicine did non hold any important consequence on the kid s behavior Wolraich EL Al ( 2010 ) . The job is since there are no long term surveies on the effects of these medicines ; the long term hazard of medicating a kid throughout his or her school old ages is unknown. Another wellness concern is medication intervention is normally less effectual in existent universe scenes than in clinical tests even when conformity and side effects are apparent. Medication entirely does non normalise one s behaviour. Therefore, understanding those who respond ill to medicines is necessary so that other signifiers of intervention attacks can be developed ( Rowland, 2002 ) . Who is Performing the Diagnosis of ADHD Pediatric and household pattern doctors play an of import function in naming ADHD. Parents bring their kids into the doctor s office and merely a little part of kids will exhibit the overt symptoms of ADHD during the office visit Posey, Bassin A ; Lewis ( twelvemonth? ) ( 59 ) . Williams et al. , 2004 besides note that 45 out of 47A baby doctors surveyed reported ADHD as their most common diagnosing. It seems a speedy diagnosing in the baby doctor s office might be rushed and needs farther ratings since the kid might merely be holding a bad twenty-four hours. This is interesting since the diagnosing of ADHD is through proving done by multiple different beginnings including medical professionals and clinical ratings and trials. Rowland et al. , ( 2002 ) account for this is that the wellness attention system does non adequately counterbalance primary attention suppliers for mental wellness ratings. The links between primary attention suppliers and mental wellness specializers are ten uous and supply few inducements for supplying systematic follow ups after appraisal. Even when the DSM-IV standard is used in doing a diagnosing, it does non stipulate how studies from different information should be combined. The job lies in the deficiency of standardisation and continuity in this procedure that dramatically displacements who is considered a instance. Since there are about 2 million kids diagnosed with ADHD, means that on norm there will be at least one kid with ADHD in every schoolroom. ADHD affects kids across all environments, therefore alterations in the schoolroom are necessary as portion of a holistic attack to intervention. A A Sherman, Rasmussen A ; Baydala 2008, makes the correlativity that instructors and other school professionals are frequently the first to propose the diagnosing of ADHD.A Switching the profession who determines the diagnosing from doctors and wellness attention suppliers to instructors function can assist advance a positive collaborative attack to turn toing and handling ADHD.A Physicians now are sing teacher ratings when naming and handling their patients.A This coaction between wellness professionals, instructors and parents are of import factors while implementing intercessions. The job arises when wellness professionals create a intervention or intercession for their patient, without sing how in structors will accept the intervention. The chief job with instructors take parting in the intercession is the sum of clip required.A The degree of accomplishment and clip committedness necessary to put to death the intercession creates unneeded hazards for the other kids in the classroom.A Integrate this subdivision with above While school professionals harmonizing to Rowland et Al, ( 2002 ) are frequently the first group to detect marks of ADHD, kids are frequently non diagnosed by psychologists or head-shrinkers but instead, baby doctors or other primary attention providers.A In these instances, most primary attention doctors do non utilize the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) as a criterion when measuring ADHD.A Pediatric Research in Office Settings ( PROS ) has estimated that 62 % of clinicians based their diagnosing on clinical intuition or other non standardized signifiers of appraisals instead than the DSM standards for an ADHD diagnosing. Preschool Children Since more kids [ any manner to quantify this? ] are now traveling to some kind of school before kindergarten, it is natural for kids s alone behaviour to be picked up and characterized by professionals. In preschools, 2-5 % of kids are diagnosed with ADHD. Features of ADHD in this age group include heedlessness, hyperactivity and unprompted behaviours. Socially the kids do non listen to instructions, they have trouble sitting still, and they interrupt conversations and blunder out out inappropriate remarks. These features are riotous to the overall instruction of the pupils in the preschool category and these ADHD pupils are more likely to be suspended from preschools due to riotous behaviours Young A ; Amarasingh ( 2010 ) . xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Covering With ADHD In the Classroom [ see prof s notes talk more by and large about ADHD in the schoolroom before the complications of multidisciplinary intervention programs ] Kyangha Lee s 2008, survey ADHD in American Early- Schooling: From a Cultural Psychological Perspective indicates that the debatable behaviour of the ADHD pupil interrupts the acquisition of the other kids in the schoolroom who deserve to learn.A The attending spent on the kid with ADHD creates such a distraction in the schoolroom that the instructor is so unable to learn the other kids particularly fixing the kids for required province accomplishment tests.A Therefore, it is necessary for everything to flux swimmingly so that all the pupils to larn the academic topics and fix for their tests.A In Kyungwa Lee survey ADHD in American Early Schooling, Jennifer, a 2nd class instructor explains how medication makes her twenty-four hours easier when those pupils have taken their medicine ( 429 ) . However, Jennifer states from a female parent s position the concern that her boy was non demoing his true personality with his medicine even though he was able to concentrate and learn.A Wh ile most instructors do non oppose medicine in serious instances, they do non like the thought of medicating pre-Kindergarten and Kindergarten children.A Deb, a pre- Kindergarten instructor, expresses her concern by stating kids are developing so much at this [ age ] so many things are traveling onaÃâ à ¦ and I think giving medicine to set an terminal to the job is non to the kid s benefit ( Lee, 2008, p. 428 ) .A Deb continues by explicating in some terrible instances medicine is necessary similar to the demand of insulin for a diabetic but merely if the diagnosing of ADHD is certain and interfering to a great extent with the kid s education.A While many instructors are concerned about noticeable riotous behaviours, there are some instructors who are more concerned about less seeable and inattentive behaviours. These inattentive kids are overlooked because they are frequently quiet and good but in world their heedlessness interrupt their ain personal acquisition. Carol, a Kindergarten instructor, describes these kids as off in [ their ] ain universe, playing with [ their ] shoe laces, or playing with the rug, or aÃâ à ¦looking at the wallaÃâ à ¦ and non listening or paying attending to what s traveling on ( Lee, 2008, p. 421 ) . With this immature age group, instructors frequently try to avoid hyperactive-impulsive behaviours as a major symptom of ADHD since they are cognizant that these behaviours can be normal for immature kids three and four old ages of age. Preschool instructors have a difficult clip finding if the kid has trouble compared to a kid in simple school ; preschool aged kids are still larning how to command themselves and understand acceptable school behaviour such as how to sit and listen to a narrative. While it is characteristic for preschool pupils to miss self control, the manner the instruction environment is set up the deficiency of place work and prep in these age groups creates trouble for a instructor to distinguish a kid with ADHD from his normal equals ( Lee, 2008 ) . Expected gender features can take to misdiagnosing ADHD.A Boys tend to be over diagnosed due to their hyperactivity, while misss are under diagnosed because they do non move out as much.A Girls have societal outlooks of being quiet, dainty and proper.A They tend to sit down and be quiet while male childs are expected to be for unsmooth and boisterous. The bulk of instructors are more opposed to medicine for misss than male childs Lee 2008. In add-on, instructors are more likely to try behavioural techniques for misss compared to boys. Researchers argue that pharmaceutical intervention is used for advancing the outlooks of a boy codification for what are appropriate masculine behaviours which result in success and accomplishment in competitory acquisition and featuring environments. Ritalin is a manner of bring forthing better male childs by enabling them with the chance to gain A s and non B s in order to concentrate on the earnestness of constructing their hereafter Kindlon and Thompson ( 1999 ) . Lee 2008, shows that kids with ADHD are found across all economic degrees, civilizations and cultural backgrounds at the same rates. It is besides celebrated that those with ADHD tend to hold late birthdays in the school twelvemonth rhythm doing them the youngest in their class.A This might bespeak that portion of ADHD could be a adulthood issue because some kids can be up to a twelvemonth behind some of their schoolmates. If the big age spread is so, so no medicine could do a kid behave older than their age.A If a kid is biologically immature for their age group or even Acts of the Apostless younger, instructors so perceive these pupils as problematic, which in bend can take to labeling kids as pathological or sick.A Rogoff, 2003 describes how age is non tracked in many cultural communities in footings of age norms.A The job with Western schools is that they are connected in industrialisation that places value one s efficiency and productivity.A Develop these farther. Harmonizing to Mooney ( 2000 ) 60 % of those with ADHD and or Learning Disabilities end up in gaol, while 80 % terminal up in the mental infirmaries. [ Is this right? ] This dismaying statistic demonstrates that this job is more than an issue in the schoolroom. The fact that so many kids with larning troubles end up in gaol and or the mental establishment shows that this is a public issue because some former pupils could be menaces to society. It is of import to stress that non every kid with ADHD is traveling to turn up as a menace to society, and if they do, it that does non intend that they are in gaol for slaying. It could merely be the fact that since some did non graduate high school, they might hold trouble set downing a occupation to back up them and as a consequence have to back up themselves by other agencies. Pharmacological Treatment of ADHD However, the intervention of ADHD during pre school old ages is widely controversial because of recent medicine tests. The Preschools with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study ( PATS ) [ in what twelvemonth? ] was the first controlled test to measure the safety and efficaciousness of Ritalin ( one of the active ingredients in stimulating medicine ) in kids between 3 and 5 old ages old. This test was configured to measure the short-run efficaciousness and long term safety in preschool kids with ADHD. Thirty per centum of the participant s parents reported moderate to terrible inauspicious side effects such as emotional jobs sleep issues, decreased appetency and crossness. These side effects were doing excessively much injury for some so that 11 % of the participants dropped out of the test due to the unbearable side effects ( Daley, Jones, Hutchings A ; Thompson ( 2008 ) . This shows that one of import concern for medicine is the study of unwanted side effects. S ome of these side effects include clinginess, melancholy, and crossness, backdown in drama, decreased appetency and difficultly kiping. Another survey done by the Preschools with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study ( PATS ) sponsored by the National Institutes of Mental Health showed the correlativity between stimulating medicine and growing deceleration with important diminutions in tallness and increase in rate of weight addition in kindergartners. Posey, Bassin A ; Lewis ( twelvemonth? ) Preschoolers who remained on stimulations experienced a 20 per centum lessening in expected tallness addition and a 50 five per centum lessening in expected weight addition ( Timimi, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to the NIMH, these pupils are more susceptible to inauspicious drug side effects such as reduced socialisation, appetite suppression, weariness, sleep jobs and temper deregulating, with troubles such as dysphasia and crossness to a point where parents end up taking to stop t he medicine and describe some concentration betterment. As many as150, 000 kids ( 1.5 % of all preschool kids ) are taking stimulations, tranquillizers, antidepressants or antipsychotic drugs. This tendency non merely indicates the addition of kindergartners taking medicine, but besides shows they are likely to take medicine for longer periods of clip [ than who or what? ] ( Posey et al. ) . When taking a medicine attack for a preschool aged kid it is necessary to see a figure of factors such as rapid cardinal nervous system development, higher rates of inauspicious effects, affected emotional and cognitive developments, linguistic communication and developmental degree and the fact that about all medicines for ADHD are non FDA approved for kids less than five old ages of age ( Posey et al. ) [ day of the month, page ] . It was one time believed that the critical periods of neurodevelopment were limited to gestation and babyhood. Now, nevertheless, it is considered a procedure that remains throughout a individual s lifetime. Therefore, with this information, exposures to environmental toxins, including pharmaceuticals, can ensue in a diminution in cognitive or behavioural maps. Presently, in the field of neuroscience and developmental psychological science, the importance of protecting the normal development of young persons and teens has increased for two grounds. First , the importance of maximising the encephalon growing in childhood straight correlates with the addition of intelligence and decreases the badness of dementedness in the ulterior phases of life. [ beginning of old statement ] This rational and emotional adulthood depends on the white affair called medulla in the encephalon. Finally, if medicine is present, it may forestall the catch-up growing in the encephalon from the normal development, which has been linked to long term shortages in grownup knowledge ( Timimi, 2009 ) . While all these side effects are true, instructors tend to concentrate more on the positive than negative effects of medicine. These positive effects centre on being successful and working in school. The instructor s position of positive effects fit into the cultural beliefs about the independent ego as stable and in control. Because of the manner that the school system is set up, there are limited ways for a kid to prosecute in originative look in school. [ is this Anna s sentiment or a fact? ] The instructors perceptual experience of medicine is that it helps the pupil to be in control of their emotions is short sighted. The accent on accomplishment in standardised trials deprives kids of the chance and clip to foremost develop ego control and ego subject. The manner the school system is presently set up, instructors start in the incorrect topographic point by stressing on what pupils can non make or make non cognize. There must be a better system that builds a kid s self-respect on strengths, accomplishments and abilities to prosecute the whole individual to their greatest potency. There needs to be less of a push to label kids with everything they struggle with and turn disablements into something everyone can easy work with, on occasion work about, and sometimes turn into a strength? [ cheque quote does it truly hold a inquiry grade? ] ( Lee, 2008 ) . Summarize up this subdivision and passage to following subdivision. Non-pharmacological interventions This needs an debut Since there is much concern and uncertainness about the long term effects of stimulating medicine in immature kids, parent preparation for preschool kids must be the first measure in the intervention program. Parent preparation is the healthiest intervention since there are no chemical changes and the most lasting signifier of intervention since it develops one s accomplishments to modify their behaviour. Parental preparation purposes to learn parents to larn how to place and pull strings the ancestors and effects of a kid s behaviour. Harmonizing to Logian, Elbert, A ; Johnson ( 1998 ) , parent preparation besides includes how to treat, mark and to supervise debatable behaviours by honoring positive societal behaviours through congratulations, and positive attending while diminishing unwanted behaviours through planned clip out and other non physical disciplinary techniques. These are extremely structured plans that can run up to several hebdomads long. An illustration of a parent preparation plan is the Incredible Years Program which has been found to be effectual for preschool kids with early oncoming symptoms of ADHD every bit good as other behavior upsets. Parents that enrolled in this plan reported that they noticed lower degrees of inattentive and hyperactivity impulsive symptoms in comparing to parents who were in the control group. Harmonizing to Jones, 57 % of these kids had such an betterment with their intervention that they were no longer had symptoms to stay classified as ADHS and remained so at their 18 month follow up rating. This manner the ADHD symptoms are addressed by working with the parents to enable them to modify and heighten their parenting accomplishments in hopes of bettering the parent- kid relationship. Therefore, parent preparation purposes to learn parents how to place and pull strings a kid s behaviour, mark and proctor debatable behaviours, and how to honor with appropriate positive attending. The end of parent preparation is t he same as behavioural therapy but differs in the fact that the parent is the 1 to increase one on one contact and learn their kids schemes sing how to get by with job behaviours. Parent preparation plans are good in the intervention of ADHD because it helps parents go more competent in covering with their kid s behaviour. The ADHD NICE Clinical Guideline recommends that a similar parent preparation plan mentioned above demands to be the first line of intervention in preschool kids. Harmonizing to some parents, this topographic points emphasis that they are at mistake because it places incrimination that they lack rearing accomplishments or are bad parents. Alternatively, parents should see parent preparation as a manner to optimise their accomplishments to run into demands of their kids with ADHD ( Young A ; Amaraskinghe, 2009 ) . Once the kid matures and reaches school-age, peer relationships and emotional jobs may besides be present doing isolation, unpopularity, unhappiness, anxiousness and a lower sense of ego worth. These jobs lead to the kid holding jobs at school, societal scenes and with the household. Harmonizing to Daly, in this age group similar to preschool kids, the intervention should concentrate on the nucleus jobs of attending, impulsivity and hyperactivity control. In respects to this specific age group, parent preparation is besides the best non-pharmacological attack. In these kids the effectivity in handling ADHD has been evaluated in a big figure of surveies that demonstrate a decrease in symptoms including reduced degrees of household hurt. Using parent preparation in school age kids is supported by the NICE Clinical Guidelines which recommends the usage of parent preparation for kids up to thirteen old ages of age. The parent developing signifier of intervention is most effectual dependi ng on how you the kid is. The lone negative factor of parent preparation, is that it is found to be less good for kids whose parents besides demonstrate ADHD symptoms ( Young, 2009 ) . [ What about school-based intervention and therapy and/or reding? ] On a fiscal facet, the NICE Clinical Guidelines indicate the value of parent preparation as cost and resource effectual. Harmonizing to the MTA Cooperative Group, there is no compelling literature to back up that stimulating medicine is capable of bettering the long term effects of ADHD. Research findings have raised the possibility that stimulating medicines may hold a shelf-life which means that these medicines are merely good on a comparatively short term footing. Medication as a standalone intervention is non able to turn to the multiple mental wellness demands and damages associated with ADHD ( Tamimi,2009 ) . [ this subdivision is uncomplete ] Decision With any diagnosing amongst the wellness spectrum from HIV to larning disablements there are stigmas attached to the disease. In this instance, ADHD is no different. There needs to be an accent on parent preparation accomplishment groups to assist develop life long behavior accommodation and schemes instead than jumping sound over to medicine as the speedy hole. While some parents rush to acquire their kid diagnosed as an alibi to explicate their kid s behaviour, the quality of the kid s new life with this diagnosing must be taken into history every bit good. Children deserve more than merely a checklist and medicine. Each kid s symptoms must be to the full evaluated so that he or she can have the best and most appropriate class of intervention for their single demands. An rating should include a household appraisal and both educational and psychological testing. Parents can be supportive of their kids and advocator for their kids s demands to understand that non all the troubles req uires a pill or changing bad parenting. The convergence of both fiscal and social force per unit areas has created an ADHD industry [ explain this industry ] that does non ever function the best involvements of the kid ( Tamimi, 2009 ) . Mooney 2000, provinces if we think about the particular instruction industry, there are the pharmaceutical companies ready to do money off ADHD kid and physicians composing books on ADHD, but the job are that those kids are the 1s that have no voice. Children with ADHD should be engaged in intervention that supports personal command which will take them to better their self-pride instead than have a life-time label and day-to-day medicine. What is the benefit of labeling a kid with ADHD, a diagnosing that they do non needfully to the full understand at a immature age? The diagnosing makes kids experience stupid or messed up by honoring them by giving them their ain particular schoolroom or topographic point outside the schoolroom door on the linol eum floor for all the other pupils to walk and look at them like insects. The job is that we see kids as the job but the existent job lies with the manner we treat them. Daley, D, Jones, K, Hutchings, J, A ; Thompson, M. ( 2008 ) . Attention shortage hyperactivity upset in pre-school kids: current findings. recommended intercessions and future waies. Care, wellness, and development, 35 ( 6 ) , 754-766. DiScala C, Lescohier, Barthel M, et Al. 1998. Injuries to kids with attending shortage hyperactivity upset. Pediatricss 102:1415-1421. Lee, K. ( 2008 ) . Adhd in American early schooling: from a cultural psychological position. Early Child Development and Care, 178 ( 4 ) , Lonigan, G. , Elbert, JC. , A ; Johnson, S.B ( 1998 ) . Empirically supported psychosocial intercessions for kids: An overview. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 138. Mooney, J, A ; Cole, D, ( 2000 ) Learning Outside the Lines New York, NY: Hearth Posey, W, Bassin, A ; Lewis. Preschool attention deficit disorder and medication..more survey needed. Journal Childhood A ; Infant Psychology, 57-77. Rogoff, B ( 2003 ) The Cultural Nature of Human Development. Oxford: Oxford Press Rowland, A, Lessesne, C, A ; Abramowitz, A. ( 2002 ) . The epidemiology of attending deficit/hyperactivity upset: a public wellness position. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 8: 162-170. Sherman, J, Rasmussen, C, A ; Baydala, L. ( 2008 ) . The Impact of instructor factors on accomplishment and behavioural results of kids with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) : a reappraisal of the literature. Educational Research, 50 ( 4 ) , 347-360. Tamimi, S. , A ; Leo, J. ( 2009 ) Rethinking ADHD from Brain to Culture. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan Wolraich, M, Stein, D, Rushton, J, OConner, K ( 2010 ) Pediatricians Attitudes and Practices on ADHD Before and After the Development of ADHD Pediatric Practice Guidelines. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13 ( 6 ) , 563-572. Woodard, R. ( 2006 ) . The Diagnosis and Medical Treatment of ADHD in Children and Adolescents in Primary Care: A Practical Guide. Primary Care Approaches, 32 ( 4 ) , 363-370 Young, S, A ; Amarasinghe, M. ( 2010 ) . Practitioner Review: Non-Pharmacological Treatments for ADHD: a Lifespan Approach. Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51 ( 2 ) ,116-133. Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-19071728572178440992020-03-08T05:42:00.001-07:002020-03-08T05:42:04.062-07:00The Bill Of RightsThe Bill Of Rights Bill of RightsHow many rights do you have? You should check, because it might not be as many todayas it was a few years ago, or even a few months ago. Some people I talk to are notconcerned that police will execute a search warrant without knocking or that they set uproadblocks and stop and interrogate innocent citizens. They do not regard these as greatinfringements on their rights. But when you put current events together, there is informationthat may be surprising to people who have not yet been concerned: The amount of the Billof Rights that is under attack is alarming.Let's take a look at the Bill of Rights and see which aspects are being pushed on orthreatened. The point here is not the degree of each attack or its rightness or wrongness,but the sheer number of rights that are under attack.Andrew Jacobs / 20070811.10D.44747 / SML SkydiveAmendment ICongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the freeexercise thereof; or abridging the freedo m of speech, or of the press; or the right of thepeople peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.ESTABLISHING RELIGION: While campaigning for his first term, George Bush said 'Idon't know that atheists should be considered as citizens, nor should they be consideredpatriots.' Bush has not retracted, commented on, or clarified this statement, in spite ofrequests to do so. According to Bush, this is one nation under God. And apparently if youare not within Bush's religious beliefs, you are not a citizen. Federal, state, and localgovernments also promote a particular religion (or, occasionally, religions) by spendingpublic money on religious displays.FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION: Robert Newmeyer and Glenn Braunstein were jailedin 1988 for refusing to stand in respect for a judge. Braunstein says the tradition of rising incourt started decades ago when judges entered carrying Bibles. Since judges no longercarry Bibles, Braunstein says there is no rea son to stand and his Bible tells him to honorno other God. For this religious practice, Newmeyer and Braunstein were jailed and arenow suing.FREE SPEECH: We find that technology has given the government an excuse to interferewith free speech. Claiming that radio frequencies are a limited resource, the governmenttells broadcasters what to say (such as news and public and local service programming) andwhat not to say (obscenity, as defined by the Federal Communications Commission[FCC]). The FCC is investigating Boston PBS station WGBH-TV for broadcastingphotographs from the Mapplethorpe exhibit.FREE SPEECH: There are also laws to limit political statements and contributions topolitical activities. In 1985, the Michigan Chamber of Commerce wanted to take out anadvertisement supporting a candidate in the state house of representatives. But a 1976Michigan law prohibits a corporation from using its general treasury funds to makeindependent expenditures in a political campaign. In March, the Supreme Court upheld thatlaw. According to dissenting Justice Kennedy, it is now a felony in Michigan for the SierraClub, the American Civil Liberties Union, or the Chamber of Commerce to advise thepublic how a candidate voted on issues of urgent concern to their members.FREE PRESS: As in speech, technology has provided another excuse for governmentintrusion in the press. If you distribute a magazine electronically and do not print copies, thegovernment doesn't consider you a press and does not give you the same protections courtshave extended to printed news. The equipment used to publish Phrack, a worldwideelectronic magazine about phones and hacking, was confiscated after publishing a documentcopied from a Bell South computer entitled 'A Bell South Standard Practice (BSP)660-225-104SV Control Office Administration of Enhanced 911 Services for SpecialServices and Major Account Centers, March, 1988.' All of the information in thisdocument was publicly available from Bell South in other documents. The government hasnot alleged that the publisher of Phrack, Craig Neidorf, was involved with or participated inthe copying of the document. Also, the person who copied this document from telephonecompany computers placed a copy on a bulletin board run by Rich Andrews. Andrewsforwarded a copy to ATT officials and cooperated with authorities fully. In return, theSecret Service (SS) confiscated Andrews' computer along with all the mail and data thatwere on it. Andrews was not charged with any crime.FREE PRESS: In another incident that would be comical if it were not true, on March 1 theSS ransacked the offices of Steve Jackson Games (SJG); irreparably damaged property;and confiscated three computers, two laser printers, several hard disks, and many boxes ofpaper and floppy disks. The target of the SS operation was to seize all copies of a game offiction called GURPS Cyberpunk. The Cyberpunk game contains fictitious break-ins in afuturistic world, with no technical i nformation of actual use with real computers, nor is itplayed on computers. The SS never filed any charges against SJG but still refused to returnconfiscated property.PEACEABLE ASSEMBLY: The right to assemble peaceably is no longer free you haveto get a permit. Even that is not enough; some officials have to be sued before they realizetheir reasons for denying a permit are not Constitutional.PEACEABLE ASSEMBLY: In Alexandria, Virginia, there is a law that prohibits peoplefrom loitering for more than seven minutes and exchanging small objects. Punishment is twoyears in jail. Consider the scene in jail: 'What'd you do?' 'I was waiting at a bus stop andgave a guy a cigarette.' This is not an impossible occurrence: In Pittsburgh, Eugene Tyler,15, has been ordered away from bus stops by police officers. Sherman Jones, also 15, wasaccosted with a police officer's hands around his neck after putting the last bit of pizza crustinto his mouth. The police suspected him of hiding drugs.PETITI ON FOR REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES: Rounding out the attacks on the firstamendment, there is a sword hanging over the right to petition for redress of grievances.House Resolution 4079, the National Drug and Crime Emergency Act, tries to 'modify' theright to habeas corpus. It sets time limits on the right of people in custody to petition forredress and also limits the courts in which such an appeal may be heard.Amendment IIA well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of thepeople to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS: This amendment is so commonly challenged that the movementhas its own name: gun control. Legislation banning various types of weapons is supportedwith the claim that the weapons are not for 'legitimate' sporting purposes. This is aperversion of the right to bear arms for two reasons. First, the basis of freedom is not thatpermission to do legitimate things is granted to the people, but rather that the governme nt isempowered to do a limited number of legitimate things everything else people are free todo; they do not need to justify their choices. Second, should the need for defense arise, itwill not be hordes of deer that the security of a free state needs to be defended from.Defense would be needed against humans, whether external invaders or internaloppressors. It is an unfortunate fact of life that the guns that would be needed to defend thesecurity of a state are guns to attack people, not guns for sporting purposes.Firearms regulations also empower local officials, such as police chiefs, to grant or denypermits. This results in towns where only friends of people in the right places are grantedpermits, or towns where women are generally denied the right to carry a weapon forself-defense.Amendment IIINo Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of theOwner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.QUARTERING SOLDIERS: This amend ment is fairly clean so far, but it is not entirelysafe. Recently, 200 troops in camouflage dress with M-16s and helicopters swept throughKings Ridge National Forest in Humboldt County, California. In the process of searchingfor marijuana plants for four days, soldiers assaulted people on private land with M-16sand barred them from their own property. This might not be a direct hit on the thirdamendment, but the disregard for private property is uncomfortably close.Amendment IVThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, againstunreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, butupon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing theplace to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.RIGHT TO BE SECURE IN PERSONS, HOUSES, PAPERS AND EFFECTSAGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEIZURES: The RICO law is makinga mockery of the right to be secure from seizure. Entire stores of books or videotapes havebeen confiscated based upon the presence of some sexually explicit items. Bars,restaurants, or houses are taken from the owners because employees or tenants sold drugs.In Volusia County, Florida, Sheriff Robert Vogel and his officers stop automobiles forcontrived violations. If large amounts of cash are found, the police confiscate it on thePRESUMPTION that it is drug money even if there is no other evidence and no chargesare filed against the car's occupants. The victims can get their money back only if theyprove the money was obtained legally. One couple got their money back by proving it wasan insurance settlement. Two other men who tried to get their two thousand dollars backwere denied by the Florida courts.RIGHT TO BE SECURE IN PERSONS, HOUSES, PAPERS AND EFFECTSAGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEIZURES: A new law goes intoeffect in Oklahoma on January 1, 1991. All property, real and personal, is taxable, andcitizens are required to list all their personal property for tax assessors, including householdfurniture, gold and silver plate, musical instruments, watches, jewelry, and personal, private,or professional libraries. If a citizen refuses to list their property or is suspected of not listingsomething, the law directs the assessor to visit and enter the premises, getting a searchwarrant if necessary. Being required to tell the state everything you own is not being securein one's home and effects.NO WARRANTS SHALL ISSUE, BUT UPON PROBABLE CAUSE, SUPPORTEDBY OATH OR AFFIRMATION:As a supporting oath or affirmation, reports of anonymous informants are accepted. Thispractice has been condoned by the Supreme Court.PARTICULARLY DESCRIBING THE PLACE TO BE SEARCHED AND PERSONSOR THINGS TO BE SEIZED: Today's warrants do not particularly describe the things tobe seized they list things that might be present. For example, if police are making a drugraid, they will list weapons as things to be searched for and seized. This is done not becausethe police know of any weapons and can particularly describe them, but because theyallege people with drugs often have weapons.Both of the above apply to the warrant the Hudson, New Hampshire, police used whenthey broke down Bruce Lavoie's door at 5 a.m. with guns drawn and shot and killed him.The warrant claimed information from an anonymous informant, and it said, among otherthings, that guns were to be seized. The mention of guns in the warrant was used as reasonto enter with guns drawn. Bruce Lavoie had no guns. Bruce Lavoie was not secure fromunreasonable search and seizure nor is anybody else.Other infringements on the fourth amendment include roadblocks and the Boston Policedetention of people based on colors they are wearing (supposedly indicating gangmembership). And in Pittsburgh again, Eugene Tyler was once searched because he waswearing sweat pants and a plaid shirt police told him they heard many drug dealers atthat time were wearing sweat pants and plaid shir ts.Amendment VNo person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on apresentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or navalforces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall anyperson be subject to the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shallbe compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life,liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken forpublic use without just compensation.INDICTMENT OF A GRAND JURY: Kevin Bjornson has been proprietor ofHydro-Tech for nearly a decade and is a leading authority on hydroponic technology andcultivation. On October 26, 1989, both locations of Hydro-Tech were raided by the DrugEnforcement Administration. National Drug Control Policy Director William Bennett hasdeclared that some indoor lighting and hydroponic equipment is purchased by mari juanagrowers, so retailers and wholesalers of such equipment are drug profiteers andco-conspirators. Bjornson was not charged with any crime, nor subpoenaed, issued awarrant, or arrested. No illegal substances were found on his premises. Federal officialswere unable to convince grand juries to indict Bjornson. By February, they had calledscores of witnesses and recalled many two or three times, but none of the grand juries theyconvened decided there was reason to criminally prosecute Bjornson. In spite of that, as ofMarch, his bank accounts were still frozen and none of the inventories or records had beenreturned. Grand juries refused to indict Bjornson, but the government is still penalizing him.TWICE PUT IN JEOPARDY OF LIFE OR LIMB: Members of the McMartin family inCalifornia have been tried two or three times for child abuse. Anthony Barnaby was triedfor murder (without evidence linking him to the crime) three times before New Hampshirelet him go.COMPELLED TO BE A WITNESS AGAINST HIMSELF: Oliver North was forced totestify against himself. Congress granted him immunity from having anything he said to thembeing used as evidence against him, and then they required him to talk. After he did so,what he said was used to find other evidence which was used against him. The courts alsoplay games where you can be required to testify against yourself if you testify at all.COMPELLED TO BE A WITNESS AGAINST HIMSELF: In the New York CentralPark assault case, three people were found guilty of assault. But there was no physicalevidence linking them to the crime; semen did not match any of the defendants. The onlyevidence the state had was confessions. To obtain these confessions, the police questioneda 15-year old without a parent present which is illegal under New York state law. Policealso refused to let the subject's Big Brother, an attorney for the Federal government, seehim during questioning. Police screamed 'You better tell us what we want to hear andcooperate or y ou are going to jail,' at 14-year-old Antron McCray, according to BobbyMcCray, his father. Antron McCray 'confessed' after his father told him to, so that policewould release him. These people were coerced into bearing witness against themselves, andthose confessions were used to convict them.COMPELLED TO BE A WITNESS AGAINST HIMSELF: Your answers to Censusquestions are required by law, with a $100 penalty for each question not answered. Butpeople have been evicted for giving honest Census answers. According to the GeneralAccounting Office, one of the most frequent ways city governments use census informationis to detect illegal two-family dwellings. This has happened in Montgomery County,Maryland; Pullman, Washington; and Long Island, New York. The August 8, 1989, WallStreet Journal reports this and other ways Census answers have been used against theanswerers.COMPELLED TO BE A WITNESS AGAINST HIMSELF: Drug tests are beingrequired from more and more people, even when there is no pr obable cause, no accident,and no suspicion of drug use. Requiring people to take drug tests compels them to provideevidence against themselves.DEPRIVED OF LIFE, LIBERTY, OR PROPERTY WITHOUT DUE PROCESS OFLAW: This clause is violated on each of the items life, liberty, and property. Incidentsincluding such violations are described elsewhere in this article. Here are two more: OnMarch 26, 1987, in Jeffersontown, Kentucky, Jeffrey Miles was killed by police officerJohn Rucker, who was looking for a suspected drug dealer. Rucker had been sent to thewrong house; Miles was not wanted by police. He received no due process. In Detroit,$4,834 was seized from a grocery store after dogs detected traces of cocaine on threeone-dollar bills in a cash register.PRIVATE PROPERTY TAKEN FOR PUBLIC USE WITHOUT JUSTCOMPENSATION: RICO is shredding this aspect of the Bill of Rights. The moneyconfiscated by Sheriff Vogel goes directly into Vogel's budget; it is not regulated by thelegislature. Federal and local governments seize and auction boats, buildings, and otherproperty. Under RICO, the government is seizing property without due process. Thevictims are required to prove not only that they are not guilty of a crime, but that they areentitled to their property. Otherwise, the government auctions off the property and keepsthe proceeds.Amendment VIIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, byan impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed,which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of thenature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to havecompulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance ofcounsel for his defence.THE RIGHT TO A SPEEDY AND PUBLIC TRIAL: Surprisingly, the right to a publictrial is under attack. When Marion Barry was being tried, the prosecution attempted to barLouis Fa rrakhan and George Stallings from the gallery. This request was based on anallegation that they would send silent and 'impermissible messages' to the jurors. The judgeinitially granted this request. One might argue that the whole point of a public trial is to senda message to all the participants: The message is that the public is watching; the trial hadbetter be fair.BY AN IMPARTIAL JURY: The government does not even honor the right to trial by animpartial jury. US District Judge Edward Rafeedie is investigating improper influence onjurors by US marshals in the Enrique Camarena case. US marshals apparently illegallycommunicated with jurors during deliberations.OF THE STATE AND DISTRICT WHEREIN THE CRIME SHALL HAVE BEENCOMMITTED: This is incredible, but Manuel Noriega is being tried so far away from theplace where he is alleged to have committed crimes that the United States had to invadeanother country and overturn a government to get him. Nor is this a unique occurrence; in amatte r separate from the Camarena case, Judge Rafeedie was asked to dismiss chargesagainst Mexican gynecologist Dr. Humberto Alvarez Machain on the grounds that thedoctor was illegally abducted from his Guadalajara office in April and turned over to USauthorities.TO BE INFORMED OF THE NATURE AND CAUSE OF THE ACCUSATION:Steve Jackson Games, nearly put out of business by the raid described previously, has beenstonewalled by the SS. 'For the past month or so these guys have been insisting the bookwasn't the target of the raid, but they don't say what the target was, or why they werecritical of the book, or why they won't give it back,' Steve Jackson says. 'They haverepeatedly denied we're targets but don't explain why we've been made victims.' Attorneysfor SJG tried to find out the basis for the search warrant that led to the raid on SJG. But theapplication for that warrant was sealed by order of the court and remained sealed at lastreport, in July. Not only has the SS taken property and ne arly destroyed a publisher, it willnot even explain the nature and cause of the accusations that led to the raid.TO BE CONFRONTED WITH THE WITNESSES AGAINST HIM: The courts arebeginning to play fast and loose with the right to confront witnesses. Watch out foranonymous witnesses and videotaped testimony.TO HAVE COMPULSORY PROCESS FOR OBTAINING WITNESSES: RonaldReagan resisted submitting to subpoena and answering questions about Irangate, claimingmatters of national security and executive privilege. A judge had to dismiss some chargesagainst Irangate participants because the government refused to provide informationsubpoenaed by the defendants. And one wonders if the government would go to the samelengths to obtain witnesses for Manuel Noriega as it did to capture him.TO HAVE THE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL: The right to assistance of counsel took ahit recently. Connecticut Judge Joseph Sylvester is refusing to assign public defenders topeople ACCUSED of drug-related crimes, including drun k driving.TO HAVE THE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL: RICO is also affecting the right to havethe assistance of counsel. The government confiscates the money of an accused person,which leaves them unable to hire attorneys. The IRS has served summonses nationwide todefense attorneys, demanding the names of clients who paid cash for fees exceeding$10,000.Amendment VIIIn Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, theright of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwisereexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of common law.RIGHT OF TRIAL BY JURY IN SUITS AT COMMON LAW: This is a simple right; sofar the government has not felt threatened by it and has not made attacks on it that I amaware of. This is our only remaining safe haven in the Bill of Rights.Amendment VIIIExcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusualpunishments inflicted.EXCESSIVE BAIL AN D FINES: Tallahatchie County in Mississippi charges ten dollars aday to each person who spends time in the jail, regardless of the length of stay or theoutcome of their trial. This means innocent people are forced to pay. Marvin Willis wasstuck in jail for 90 days trying to raise $2,500 bail on an assault charge. But after he madethat bail, he was kept imprisoned because he could not pay the $900 rent Tallahatchiedemanded. Nine former inmates are suing the county for this practice.CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENTS: House Resolution 4079 sticks its nose inhere too: '... a Federal court shall not hold prison or jail crowding unconstitutional under theeighth amendment except to the extent that an individual plaintiff inmate proves that thecrowding causes the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment of that inmate.'CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENTS: A life sentence for selling a quarter of agram of cocaine for $20 that is what Ricky Isom was sentenced to in February in CobbCounty, Georgia. I t was Isom's second conviction in two years, and state law imposes amandatory sentence. Even the judge pronouncing the sentence thinks it is cruel; Judge TomCauthorn expressed grave reservations before sentencing Isom and Douglas Rucks(convicted of selling 3.5 grams of cocaine in a separate but similar case). Judge Cauthorncalled the sentences 'Draconian.'Amendment IXThe enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny ordisparage others retained by the people.OTHER RIGHTS RETAINED BY THE PEOPLE: This amendment is so weak today thatI will ask not what infringements there are on it but rather what exercise of it exists at all?What law can you appeal to a court to find you not guilty of violating because the lawdenies a right retained by you?Amendment XThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it tothe States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.POWERS RESERVED TO THE STATES OR THE PEOPL E: This amendment is alsoweak, although it is not so nonexistent as the ninth amendment. But few states set their ownspeed limits or drinking age limits. Today, we mostly think of this country as the singular United States, rather than a collection of states. This concentration of power detacheslaws from the desires of people and even of states. House Resolution 4079 crops upagain here it uses financial incentives to get states to set specific penalties for certaincrimes. Making their own laws certainly must be considered a right of the states, and thisright is being infringed upon.Out of ten amendments, nine are under attack, most of them under multiple attacks ofdifferent natures, and some of them under a barrage. If this much of the Bill of Rights isthreatened, how can you be sure your rights are safe? A right has to be there when youneed it. Like insurance, you cannot afford to wait until you need it and then set aboutprocuring it or ensuring it is available. Assurance must b e made in advance.The bottom line here is that your rights are not safe. You do not know when one of yourrights will be violated. A number of rights protect accused persons, and you may think it isnot important to protect the rights of criminals. But if a right is not there for people accusedof crimes, it will not be there when you need it. With the Bill of Rights in the sad conditiondescribed above, nobody can be confident they will be able to exercise the rights to whichthey are justly entitled. To preserve our rights for ourselves in the future, we must defendthem for everybody today. Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-63662456479254320612020-02-20T20:07:00.001-08:002020-02-20T20:07:03.009-08:00Market Foods Corporation in Ecuador Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 wordsMarket Foods Corporation in Ecuador - Essay Example Eating habits and approach to food will be different in Singapore and Ecuador and hence the Market Food Corporation must account for those things while formulating management strategies for Ecuador. Even the same service needs different management styles and marketing strategies in different countries in order to succeed because of the difference in the culture. Only those entrepreneurs who study these differences will succeed in their overseas projects. Product, Price, Placement, and Promotion (4Pââ¬â¢s of business/marketing) must be taken into consideration by Market Foods in their proposed hawker stall operations in Ecuador. Right product, at the right time, in the right place, with right promotional activities will always be successful in the market and Market Foods Corporation must formulate a well thought out strategy for Ecuador based on the above assumption. Management structure is also important for the success of international business. Locals must be given priority in all the international activities because of their immense knowledge about h the local market and culture. Promotional activities and advertisements for hawker stalls in Ecuador also must focus on the Ecuadorian culture rather than the global culture. ââ¬Å"As the world shrinks, so marketing opportunities expand. Radical advances in communication and transportation bring markets closer-the skill lies in identifying the areas of greatest potential profit, and developing global strategies that still function effectively in meeting local needsâ⬠(International marketing review) We are living in a world of Globalization and Liberalization which tries to visualize the whole world as one and to bring the whole people/countries under the roof of one umbrella. Globalization has opened the doors widely open for business community as they can market their Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-27960516547848533362020-02-05T00:25:00.001-08:002020-02-05T00:25:02.701-08:00Software Security and its Role on Cyber Security Research PaperSoftware Security and its Role on Cyber Security - Research Paper Example The number of cyber crimes is growing exceptionally on an annual basis and because of this reason; the internet is becoming more and more unsafe. The level of hackerââ¬â¢s intellect is growing as he or she is gathering more knowledge and information about the art and science of hacking (Xu, Hu, & Zhang, 2013). The companies on the other hand, restricted their exposure to the vast universe of internet by inventing intranet. The intranet is an infrastructure that helps an organization in creating a network within the network of networks. The private networkââ¬â¢s identity and access is restricted to employees only. The employees have to login with a specific and unique username and their activities are strictly monitored as well. The modern technique of intranet is also not working because the hackers have devised methods that can locate and identify the networks. Once the network is located then the hackers use the information to hack the central computer and therefore, the enti re network starts to play in the hands of evil geniuses. The era of antivirus is also coming to an end. The antivirus programs are famous for providing the hackers a plain ground. The viruses are nowadays programmed to alter the binary coding of the antivirus and in this way; the protector of the system becomes its worst enemy. The hackers managed to follow the technique of Aids virus. The virus does not cause any type of illness but kill the immune system of the human body. Consequently, the viruses of other diseases move in and finish the job. The intelligent hackers eliminate the defense system of the network and then, other harmful programs move in and render the entire network inoperable. The technical staff becomes helpless in front of the multiple attacks and therefore, has to purge all data in the network (Sukwong & Kim, 2011). The modern hackers and technical teams at various data centers of the world are suspected to be engaged in a never ending battle. The war is fought l ike a game of chess and whole game-plan is based on striking and counterstriking. In most number of cases, the objective of hackers is fulfilled. The hackers always like to cause hindrance in the operationality of the network and it is fulfilled with the help of causing sufficient doubt in the minds of technical teams. The technical teams cannot afford to take any threat lightly and therefore, if they believe that the game is getting out their hands then they have to shunt the network before finding a bug. The networks are insecure and this is a common belief. The sales of antivirus programs are declining and this is the depiction of decreasing public trust on leading names in the industry of internet security. Additionally, the latest internet browsers are programmed to detect any suspicious product or webpage. All of the viruses and other harmful programs are known to come from the internet in the global village of the 21st century. The best defense is prevention and therefore, th e modern programmers have decided to put a blockade in the way of viruses by planting a smaller and efficient antivirus program within the fabric of browsers (Singh, Moshchuk, Wang, & Lee, 2010). The users are notified as soon as the suspicious activity has been detected. The browsers are designed to block the potentially harmful events from happening until and unless the user allows them to take place. In this manner, the virtually nothing can go on without the Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-35008834003870762422020-01-27T20:47:00.001-08:002020-01-27T20:47:04.463-08:00The three models of exchange rate determinationThe three models of exchange rate determination Abstract This paper presents three models of exchange rate determination. Each models are based on the equilibrium of markets in the international economy. The equilibrium of goods market determine exchange rate according to purchasing power parity; the equilibrium of money market determine exchange rate according to monetary model; the equilibrium of asset markets determine exchange rate according to portfolio model. Introduction It is in the interest of a variety of parties to understand the determinants of exchange rates. For economists, it is for their intellectual and academic pursuit to uncover the economic mechanism determining exchange rates. Policymakers would like to understand the impacts and consequences of exchange rates to the policies and vice versa. Finance managers would like analyze the fundamental factors determining exchange rates and incorporate these factors in their financial or investment decision making. Speculators in foreign exchange market would like to know the direction of exchange rate movement aforehand to make profit. In the following, we explain three models of exchange rate determination, namely, the purchasing power parity(PPP), the monetary model and the portfolio balance theory. Purchasing Power Parity The theoretical assumption of Purchasing Power Parity starts from the Law of One Price. The Law of One Price in open economy states that, if the market is competitive, no transaction cost and no barriers of trade, then identical products in different countries should be sold at the same prices, adjusted by exchange rate, i.e. under the same currency denomination. Otherwise, there is arbitrage opportunity. In notation, pi =spi* (1) for pi = price of good i at home country, pi*= price of good i at foreign country, s = exchange rate For example, the price an ounce of gold quoted at London in GBP should be the same as an ounce of gold quoted at New York in USD times exchange rate of GBP/USD. Next, we consider a model with two countries. Both of them have the floating exchange rate-regimes and Law of One Price holds for all goods in the two counties. Then, the general price level of home country is should be the same as the general price level of foreign country, adjusted by exchange rate. In notation, P=sP* (2) for P= general price level at home country, P*= general price level at foreign country P and P*, the general price level is the weighted average of all prices of goods. So if (1) holds for all goods, (2) will holds. (2) is what we called the absolute Purchasing Power Parity (absolute PPP): the general price level of every country should be the same if adjusted to the same currency. In other words, the exchange rate should be determined by the relative price level of two countries. If you can use $1 of home currency to buy a basket of goods at home country, then the $1 converted to foreign currency should be able to buy the same basket of products in foreign country, i.e. they have the same purchasing power. We can interpret that PPP is a long-run equilibrium level of exchange rate that there is fundemental force of demand and supply in goods market to retain it. For example, assume that the domestic price level is higher than the foreign price level under the same currency measure, i.e. P > sP*. If goods are identical and there is transaction cost and barriers of trade, then consumers from domestic country will not buy local products. They will use their domestic currency to exchange to foreign currency to buy foreign products, which is cheaper. The force of supply and demand of currency will drives down exchange rate to depreciate. In turn, depreciation of exchange rate will lower the price of domestic products(under the same currency measure) and then the PPP equilibrium, P = sP* is retained. Yet the absolute PPP to be too strict, economists considers a weaker form, called the relative PPP. It states that percentage changes in price levels of two countries determine the percentage change in exchange rate. In notation, ÃŽâ⬠P/P = ÃŽâ⬠s/s +ÃŽâ⬠P*/P* (3) The relative PPP is a weaker form of absolute PPP because if absolute PPP holds true, the relative PPP holds true also but not vice versa. Moreover, change in price level is indeed the inflation rate. The relative PPP implies that exchange rate should be adjustedÃŽâ⬠e/e to the difference between two countries inflation rates. For example, a country with hyperinflation should encounter substantial depreciation in its currency. Empirical Support The Purchasing Power Parity states that relative price level is a fundamental determinant of exchange rate. An empirical test would like to see whether there is such a relationship in historical data. The PPP hypothesis has be enormously and extensively tested empirically by economists. The extensive tests by economists found very little empirical support to PPP. Exchange rate and the relative price level are unrelated in short run and medium run. In the long run, results found that exchange rate would converge to the theoretical equilibrium value from PPP, but at a very slow rate. At the first glace, PPP seems to be a too strict hypothesis that its assumption is unlikely to hold. In reality, there is transaction cost and barriers of trade. The general price levels indeed include non-tradable goods and different countries have different components in their general price level. These deviations of the theoretical PPP will cause the domestic price level and foreign price level not converges, but retain at some deviated level. Literature Review Officer (1982) contains a detailed summary on the theoretical and empirical works on PPP at early stage. Rogoff (1996) provides a more update survey on PPP and their empirical tests. Taylor Taylor (2004) uses more complete data and more powerful econometric tests, as they describe, retain similarly result as previous scholars. Monetary model As exchange rate is the relative price of two currencies, it is reasonable to consider the supply and demand of money be an important determinant of exchange rates. Introduction of money supply and money demand, two very fundamental macroeconomic variables, into our models The monetary approach rests on the quantity theory of money in macroeconomics. Firstly, Money supply (Ms) is a quantity determined by the central bank. In the quantity theory, money is for the purpose of medium of exchange. Money demand of an economy is directly proportional to the general price level and also the quantity of real output. For example, if the general price level is doubled, then the economy would need double amount of money for their transactions. The same idea holds for quantity of real output. Then, Md = kPy (4) Where Md is money demand, P is the price level, y is the real output and k is the velocity of money. In equilibrium, Money supply must be equal money demand, and so: Ms = kPy (5) By rearranging, we have P= Ms/ky (6) By this form, we can interpret that given a level of real output of the economy and a given level of money supply determined by the central bank, the price level of the economy will be adjusted to Ms/ky. Let * denotes the foreign currency variables. We assume the quantity theory of money holds true to foreign country also. We have Ms*= k*P*y* (7) The second important assumption of the monetary approach is that PPP holds true. The exchange rate always attains its PPP equilibrium level, as in (2). In the monetary approach, we have three relationships of variables now: the quantity money of home country, quantity money of foreign country, and PPP. Combining there three relationships and rearranging the three equations, we have: Ms/ ky = S Ms*/ k*y* (8) The quantity theory of money and PPP are two building blocks of the monetary approach. The PPP tells us that at the long run equilibrium, the exchange rate should be equal to the ratio of home and foreign price level. The quantity theory of money marcoeconomics describes that price level of a country is related to money supply of central bank and real output of the economy. Combining them, the monetary approach concluded that exchange is determined by domestic and foreign money supply (Ms Ms*), domestic and foreign real output (y y*), and domestic and foreign velocity of money(k k*). An important implication of the monetary approach is that central banks money supply policy would have primary impact to exchange rate. Start with the domestic central bank suddenly increase the money supply by a substantial amount, with all other domestic and foreign variables keep unchanged. The quantity theory of money implies that the rise of money supply without increase in real output will drives up the domestic price level, which means inflation also. The increase in domestic price level will induce domestic people to buy more foreign products and cause the exchange rate to depreciate. This is the same equilibrating mechanism described in PPP. We may consider the magnitude of depreciation of currency by increase of domestic money supply. According to equation (x), exchange rate, s, is directly proportional to Ms. So in the monetary approach, a given percentage increase in money supply will leads to the same percentage of depreciation of currency. A natural consequence of the above analysis is to see if foreign money supply would leads to what kind change of exchange rate. From equation (x), we can see that foreign money supply Ms* comes into determining the exchange rate. If the foreign central bank increase money supply, the foreign currency would depreciate as by our previous analysis. Then, in turn, the domestic currency would appreciate relatively. On the other hand, we may consider the effect of an increase in real output on exchange rate in the monetary approach. Given a fixed level of money supply, real output increase will leads to lowering price level, as described in the quantity theory of money. Then, on the open economy side, the exchange rate must appreciate, making the local products more expensive, to preserve the PPP equilibrium. So we can conclude that a rise in real output(GDP) will leads to appreciation of the domestic currency, given other thing else constant. Empirical Evidence The monetary approach is largely based on PPP. Given the failure of PPP on empirical testing, it is not difficult to imagine that empirical test on the monetary model of exchange rates should found little support. Extensive tests have been carried out to examine the relationship between exchange rate vs. money supply and exchange rate vs. real output. As representative, Frenkel (1976) and Meese Rogoff (1983) shows little empirical support on the Monetary approach. Literature review Johnson (1977) portrays a model treatment of the monetary model of exchange rates. Frenkel (1976) and Meese Rogoff (1983) are representative empirical works on the monetary approach. Portfolio Balance Model In the monetary model, the global economy is simplified as having goods and money only, and money is the medium of exchange to buy domestic and foreign goods. Exchange rates are determined by the relative demand and supply of money, domestic and foreign. The portfolio balance model takes a further step from the monetary model that there are investment assets in the global economy for people to hold. People would consider holding money, domestic assets and foreign assets alternatively on their portfolio balance. Then the relative demand and supply of these investment assets would determine the exchange rate. The portfolio balance model assumes there are three kinds of assets for people to allocate their total wealth: Domestic money (M), domestic bond (B), and foreign bond (FB). Domestic money (M), pays no interest, is a riskless asset. In term of finance, the risk-free rate is zero in this simplified model. Domestic bond and foreign bond are risky assets that payout with, with interest rate rand r* respectively. Then the actual interest rate individual receive from foreign bond is sr*. The portfolio balance model of exchange rate makes further assumption in line with modern portfolio theory. Domestic bond and foreign bond are not perfect substitutes. Holding domestic and foreign bond together in the portfolio would reduce the unsystematic risk. So people would not simply hold the bond with higher yield only, but hold a portfolio of domestic and foreign bonds. Moreover, the individuals, being are risk-averse and so they would hold some portion of riskless asset, the money. The individuals have a total wealth of W would decide how to allocate them into money, domestic bond and foreign bond respectively based on his risk preference and the returns of different assets, as in modern portfolio theory. He would purchase more of one asset if the return of the asset increase, or if the return of the alternative assets decrease. In summary, Demand of money = M(r, sr*) is decreasing in r and sr* Demand of domestic bond = B(r, sr*) is increasing in r and decreasing in sr*. Demand of foreign bond = FB(r, sr*) is increasing in sr* and decreasing in r. Total wealth, the supply of various assets, would equal to the demand of various assets., such that W = M(r, sr*) + B(r, sr*) + BF(r, sr*) (9) It means that, in equilibrium, there would be some equilibrium value of r, r* and s to balance demand and supply. To focus on the role of exchange rate in this model, we may consider r and r* as given to be stable by the bond markets and only the exchange rate varies. The equation above can be simplified as: W = M(s) + B(s) + BF(s) (10) Then, there will be a value of s to equalize the demand of various assets to total wealth. In other words, the exchange rate is determined by the equilibrium across the money, domestic bond and foreign bond markets in this portfolio balance model. Implications and evidence of portfolio balance model One of the most important implications from the portfolio balance model is that current account surplus will be associated with depreciation of currency. Current account surplus must be associated with capital account deficit, which means that the country is a net purchaser of foreign assets. The demand of foreign bond increase and so exchange rate would depreciate for the equilibrium in asset markets to restore. However, as noted by Copeland (2008), the tests of portfolio balance model, is far from satisfactory. Literature review Several articles by Branson propelled the portfolio balance model, and include empirical evidence also. Branson (1983) provides a good account of summary. Conclusions We have reviewed three different models on exchange rates. The PPP, the most fundamental one, claims that price level is the fundamental determinant of exchange rates in the long run. The market force of goods arbitrage would push the exchange rate to the equilibrium level that balance the purchasing power of the different currency to the same level. The monetary model incorporates the classical quantity theory of money in marcoeconomics with purchasing power parity. It predicts that money supply, determined by the central bank, and real output are the determinants of exchange rate. The third theory, the portfolio balance model extends the monetary model from considering the money market to the markets of a number of assets. Individuals demand each type of assets and exchange rate is determined as the equilibrium price of various asset markets. All of the models we discussed are laid on fundamental economic theory and are conceptually sound. Unfortunately, economists found little direct empirical support to these models. We should not consider rejecting these three models because of the lack of empirical support. Firstly, these three models are conceptually fundamental and shape our thinking in exchange rates. They will be extremely useful when we extend our analysis with specifications in further detail and seek more specific implications in exchange rate. Secondly, these models portray the long-run equilibrium behavior of the exchange market. It is difficult to consider the volatile, second-to-second changing exchange rate market behavior would be consistent with these models. There may exists random shocks to the exchange rate market that consistently propel the exchange rate to move in a random style and so the long-run equilibrium of the models cannot be attained. Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-75258139150934073292020-01-19T17:11:00.001-08:002020-01-19T17:11:03.226-08:00Mexican-Americans Fight for Equality in America Essay example -- RaceMexican-Americans' Fight for Equality in America The United States has always been thought of as the the land of opportunity. Why is it that for years Mexican-Americans have been mistreated and discriminated against? There are millions of people that live in the US that are of Mexican descent. Throughout the Mexican-American history they have faced constant struggles to be recognized as equal citizens. The white man drove them from their own homes when they first settled in America. The Anglo settlers did not hold much if any respect for the Mexicans. The fight for their civil rights has been going on since the 1800s. It wasn't until the 1960s when the Chicanos were formed that affirmative action began to take place. The Americans settled all over the United States and in the 1820s began showing interest in the West because of trade with Asia. Certain leaders were sent out on missions' to "help" better the lives of the Indians and Mexicans. When the white settlers first came to West they viewed the Indians and Mexicans as savages. They did not think of them as human because their lifestyle was unsuitable, or rather different then their own. The only way that they could tolerate them was to try and change their way of living. They attempted to convert them into the Christian religion, to change the way they ate, what they ate, how they ate it, the way they dressed, teach them English, etc. "The object of the missions is to convert as many of the wild Indians as possible, and to train them up within the walls of the establishment in the exercise of a good life, and of some trade, so that they may be able to provide for themselves and become useful members of civilized society."1 The Mexicans did not like nor we... ...ecause the white people treated the Mexicans so unfairly the Mexicans united against them and formed a unity that has lasted until today. In Michelle's paper she recaps the history of Mexicans in the United States that was not completely dealt with in either the website or the movie. Michelle points out that the Latin@s history is essential to understanding the Mexicans experience. She also wrote of the Mexican's el movemiento and how the website and movie brought about different accounts of this momentous event. In reading different papers about the Mexican-Amercican experience it expanded not only my knowledge but my opinion too. Nikki and Michelle brought up some interesting points, ideas, and thoughts on the Mexican's life in the United States. Through all my research on mexican's I have gained a better understanding of the Mexican's struggle. Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-19139085717205194562020-01-11T13:35:00.001-08:002020-01-11T13:35:03.124-08:00Domino’s Pizza, IncDomino's Pizza, Inc. is an international pizza delivery corporation headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1960, Dominoââ¬â¢s Pizza is the second-largest pizza chain in the United States. In 1960, Tom Monaghan and his brother, James, purchased DomiNick's, a small pizza store in Ypsilanti, Michigan. The deal was secured by a $75 down payment and the brothers borrowed $500 to pay for the store. Eight months later, James traded his half of the business to Tom for a used Volkswagen Beetle. As sole owner of the company, Tom Monaghan renamed the business Domino's Pizza, Inc. in 1965. In 1967, the first Domino's Pizza franchise store opened in Ypsilanti. Tom Monaghan original goal was to open three pizza delivery stores. Thatââ¬â¢s why there are three dots on Dominoââ¬â¢s logo. Dominoââ¬â¢s Pizza continued to grow and in 1978 opened its 200th store. Tom Monaghan launched Domino's Pizza Malaysia in September 1997. Franchising in Malaysia is still in the early stages while fast foods dominate the franchising sector with an estimated annual sales exceeding RM1. 3 billion. With the peopleââ¬â¢s growing appetite for fast food, the market outlook is good. The rapid growth of the fast-food industry brings both benefits and threats to our society. Normally, fast food restaurant is offering fried chickens, burgers, sandwiches or pizzas. Further more, there are only a few pizza chains in Malaysia like Dominoââ¬â¢s Pizza, Pizza Hut and Shakeyââ¬â¢s Pizza. Today, Dominoââ¬â¢s Pizza is having more than 8,500 stores at all around the world and making a profit of USD35 billion per year. Domino's Pizza is the recognized world leader in pizza delivery operating a network of company-owned and franchise-owned stores in the United States and international markets. Domino's Pizza's vision illustrates a company of exceptional people on a mission to be the best pizza delivery company in the world. Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-70406035230146652032020-01-03T09:59:00.001-08:002020-01-03T09:59:02.818-08:00Titanic Film Analysis Essay - 894 Words Farjana Akter Akter 1 Pro: John Remarek Language and Composition 12 December 2017 The Titanic the ship destiny, a ship of love and a ship of division. what would you say about the film called Titanic Does love a main reason between Jack and Rose? That was not true. The main point of the story was to show the reader about status and money. According to a director of movie named, Mr. James Cameron was trying to show his film as the real story. Because at the end of the movie, there was a woman named Mrs, Rose Dawsonâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Maybe, it was the first time for him to have dinner with them. And also everyone was asking questions to him. But he doesnââ¬â¢t bother about this things because itââ¬â¢s very common for him he knows that. Jack says, this is his luck and after he wanted be a good swimmer. It doesnââ¬â¢t matter what is peopleââ¬â¢s class because in our real life we see that many lower class people they gain success in their life. This is one kind of social discrimination for him. And in dinning hall it was very clear how differently the f irst and third classes were. Cal Hockley put the Diamond necklace in Jackââ¬â¢s pocket and he was arrested for it. Here we see that Cal gave Diamond necklace to Rose it was symbol of his love for her. However, when he was clear about Roseââ¬â¢s love for Jack so that he did it. Actually, here it is proved that Jack was lower class family thatââ¬â¢s why he doesnââ¬â¢t have any power that Cal had. However, here also proved that property, power is nothing to above the love. Rose doesnââ¬â¢t believe that he did like that and she supported him because of her love for Jack. Here I find real love between Jack and Rose. Rose says,I am not going on the boat. But Jack says no you have to go.â⬠Love is not a small word it looks like, but it is huge. That is what I find in titanic. Here it is proved that Rose and Jack, they didnââ¬â¢tcare about elite poor. Moreover, they didnââ¬â¢t care about their life if we see that how much love between Jack andShow MoreRelatedHow Has the Experience of Cinema-Going Changed over the Past Century1785 Words à |à 8 PagesMAS205 Ãâ" Essay #1 Question 1 The film-industry has changed dramatically since its birth over a century ago. With these changes have also come great changes in the cinema-going experience. In the MAS205 unit reader for 2005, a number of the readings aim to address many aspects of the experience of cinema-going. Included in the unit reader are pieces by Barthes, Carriere, Sontag, Moore and Lowenstein. Each of these writers has varying feelings to cinema-going over the past century and this essay willRead MoreGenre and Gender in Popular Film Essay1170 Words à |à 5 Pages ââ¬Å" You cannot talk about genre without talking about gender.â⬠Initially, this would appear to be a simplistic statement. On closer analysis, however, one fact becomes evident. It is the representation of gender which informs the genre of the text. Ismay Barwell , in her essay ââ¬Ë Feminist perspectives and narrative points of viewââ¬â¢ states that ââ¬Å" Every text is gendered since every act of narrationâ⬠¦..involves a pro cess of selectionâ⬠¦.and the nature of that selection implies certain valuesâ⬠( p.99). SheRead MoreBackground and Global Influence of Japanese animation1540 Words à |à 7 Pages2013). The globalization of Japanese animation has huge development in recent two decades. Animation brings huge economic benefits to Japan. This essay will research various aspects of Japanese animation, including background, global influences, differences between American and Japanese animation and cross-cultural communication. The research of this essay made one cultural flow of globalization clear. People all over the world will use artistic product with Japanese animation elements and communicateRead MoreBiography And Historical Context Of Edgar Allan Poe2348 Words à |à 10 Pagesdepression. Later that year he was being criticized for his criticism of Henry Longfellow calling Longfellow a plagiarist. Longfellow casted a bit of a shadow over Poe. Poe searched for new forms of writing and sta rted his own methodology. Poe wrote many essays such as ââ¬Å"The Philosophy of Composition,â⬠ââ¬Å"The Poetic Principleâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Rationale of Verse.â⬠Poe went into deep depression after the love of his life Virginia died in 1847. Although Poe was still writing, his health started to deteriorate and moneyRead MoreEssay on Judicial Precedent5387 Words à |à 22 Pagesdemonstrate linkage that is lacking in reality. Candidates need to consider the basic structure of the essay, with an introduction, development and a conclusion. There needs to be fluency, and cohesion between the separate elements. Definitions are often required and their proper place is within the introduction, indicating to the Examiner that the candidate understands the key area of the essay/question and that he/she is going to examine it within the stated terms of the definition being offeredRead MoreEssay on Mintzberg 5 Ps of Strategy9155 Words à |à 37 Pages Fombrun, Collective Strategy: Social Ecology of Organizational Environments, Academy ofManagement Review, 814 (1983):576-587. 30 Ibid., p. 577. Business Week, October 3 1, 1983. Via G. Majone, The Uses of Policy Analysis, in The Future and the Past: Essays on Programs, Russell Sage Foundation Annual Report, 1976-1977, pp. 201-220. A.D. Chandler, Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, l962), p. 13. 31 VonRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words à |à 58 Pagesthe business. The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of the films we watch. Starting in 1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount Pictures, over the decade of the 1920s helped to fashion Hollywood into a vertically integrated system, a set of economic innovations which was firmly in place by 1930. ForRead More10 Years Old Children Prefer to Watch Cartoons Rather Than Other Tv Shows7337 Words à |à 30 Pagescan start creating their own identity and since they donà ´t want it to be like the ones of grown-ups, they feel really attracted too cartoons because they are so unreal that they try to copy the attitudes seen in them. There are many reasons why this essay is important: First of all because it will help you understand a childà ´s mind, a thing that we humans have studied since long time ago, due to the fact that it will help us determine how the personality forms, develops and changes until it ends onRead MoreEnlightment of Education in Pygmalion and Educating Rita9449 Words à |à 38 PagesTop of Form [pic]à à à à à à à à à à à à à à [pic]à [pic] Bottom of Form Share on mymailruShare on facebookShare on twitterShare on vkMore Sharing Services0 | | |Ãâà ¾Ã ¹Ã'âà ¸ |Literary analysis of the play Pygmalion by G.B. Shaw -à ÃËà ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'âÃ'â¬Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'â¹Ã ¹ Ã' à ·Ã'â¹Ã ºÃ -Ã'â¬Ã µÃ'âà µÃ'â¬Ã °Ã'â | |Top of Form |Plan: | |Email |à Read MoreCarol Ann Duffy Poems Analysis8144 Words à |à 33 Pagesis adopting an undisguised didactic stance. As a skilled and empowered user of the English language herself she is drawing attention to the lot of those who are marginalised because of their deficiency in its use. Carol Ann Duffyââ¬â¢s Stealing -An Analysis and thoughts.(Part One) This is a cold poem in more ways than one.The subject matter is seasonally icy and so is the tone of the speaker. The insouciant delivery suggests pride and even aggressive narcissism. The carefully selected lexis is designed Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-50639582391400704022019-12-26T06:26:00.001-08:002019-12-26T06:26:03.682-08:00School Dress Codes Good or Restraining Essays - 2330 Words School Dress Codes Final Paper As the society that we live in today grows and becomes more accepting of the different ways people act, groom, and dress, we look to expand the policies we have in place in our schools regarding the ways our students are allowed to present themselves in the classroom. Each different school has their own dress code that they expect their students to follow. Most private schools require that students wear a uniform to school they also have regulations on what type of clothes is acceptable attire to wear to school. In addition to clothes, schools also have rules on how students are allowed to wear their hair and makeup (PBS, 1999). In recent years there has been a growing argument about these dress codes andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This is because of high suspension numbers along with the low-test scores the parents and faculty members agreed that something had to change, the vote passed and the mandatory dress code policy would be put in effect for the first time in a public school (Wilson, 1998). This policy started off small but once schools noticed the results that the Long Beach middle school was seeing the policy began to be adopted by more schools throughout the country. In 1994 the state of California passed a state law that would allow schools to enforce a school uniform policy (King, 1998). The following year many states like New Jersey, Texas and Iowa also passed laws like the one in California (King, 1998). Each state that has these laws in place has similar requirements for the schools to follow. For instance, California requires that the schools that do have mandatory uniforms ensure that the uniforms are a fair price allowing low-income families to be able to afford the proper attire for their child to attend the school (King, 1998). Other states like Washington allow parents to opt-out of the school that has the uniform policy. The child can be sent to another school if the parents of the child do not want to se nd their son or daughter to a school that requires them to wear a uniform (King, 1998). In addition to the mandatory uniform policies states like Iowa have dress code laws that prohibits students from wearing any clothing that in any way are gangShow MoreRelatedSchool Violence And Its Effect On Society2229 Words à |à 9 PagesSchool Violence Violence in schools has spread rapidly throughout the nation and has caused many difficulties and fear among students, families, teachers and staff, and residents of the areas afflicted by the crimes. Many believe that school violence is only very recent occurrence, but this is untrue. It is easy for people to forget that there was life before the internet and many crimes were not publicly known as they are today. The speed in which the internet and cable television spreadRead MoreTaking a Look at Change Management2508 Words à |à 10 Pagesvarious programs. This College enjoys reputation for understanding and supporting students need and to excel their future to desire career goal. College is a perfect bridge for international and domestic students making their journey from secondary school to high quality bachelor degree program. The main focus is to prepare students for undergraduate and postgraduate programs by developing their academic, learning and study skills through their various suite of programs. College provides well-resourcedRead MoreEssay on Tda 3.2 Assignment Schools as Organisations9471 Words à |à 38 PagesTDA 3.2 Schools as Organisations 1. Know the structure of education from early years to post compulsory education. 1.1 Summarise entitlement provision for early yearââ¬â¢s education. Every child who on the term commencing after their 3rd Birthday is entitled to a free part time place in early years education. This was formed as part of the Every Child Matters agenda. From 0-5 years the framework of learning, development care forms the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), which follows theRead MoreE-Commerce5697 Words à |à 23 Pagesï » ¿ ASSESSEMENT and ASSIGNMENT BRIEF Unit 2 : Management In IT UNIT CODE: J/601/0462 Learning Hours: Hours. Self-learning hours: Course: HND CSD ââ¬â Level 4 Credits: 15 Term: Lecturer: Raj Verifier: Learners Name JORNA BEGUM Registration Number BATCH-2 Learners Declaration: I certify thatRead MoreHospitality Supervision13923 Words à |à 56 Pagessupervisor are more often made on the basis of seniority or good work habits. An organization rarely performs an analysis of the requisite knowledge and skills required by supervisors to assist their staff. Supervisors do not receive the support or structure they require. And also they are asked to supervise too many people, situated too far apart, and are given too little time or resources. From my point of view supervisor must be a good communicators, trainer, and coacher. Supervisors should useRead MoreEssay about Regulating Prostitution4814 Words à |à 20 Pagesoutlets outside of marriage. In order to prevent them committing adultery and threatening their marriages, society should facilitate menââ¬â¢s access to prostitutes. It follows from St Augustineââ¬â¢s argument that two separate classes of women were required - good, virtuous, sexually faithful wives to service menââ¬â¢s procreative needs within marriage, and prostitutes who would cater to their desires and pleasures outside of marriage. Such thinking views prostitution as a necessary social evil, and reinforces theRead MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words à |à 128 PagesThe book may be used in addition to an advanced course like Fluency in English. 2 Secondary or adult students who are not preparing for an examination of any kind and who are attending classes mainly to improve their c ommand of spoken English. 3 Schools and institutes where wastage caused by irregular attendance and late starters is a problem. ASSUMED AURAL/ORAL ABILITY Students who have completed elementary and intermediate courses in spoken English should have no difficulty with this bookRead MoreThe White Man s Burden10652 Words à |à 43 Pagescommand, resulting in the most instant and perfect obedience. What never can grow out of it is powerââ¬â¢ (Arendt, 1972: 152). The basis of power is not violence for it exists out of the agreement between people and those who are in authority, law is a good example in which people show obedience and respect. So, in the positive meaning of power it is a relation and an ââ¬Ëend in itselfââ¬â¢ when people act together (Arendt, 1972: 150). It leaves no doubt that this relation is muffled if power becomes in theRead MoreUshering in Church17462 Words à |à 70 Pagesproblems. So he purposed to seat them behind a real lovey-dovey couple in the church, who were always nibbling on each otherââ¬â¢s ears. He put them behind that couple so they could see that it is possible to have a good marriage. It is possible that you can love one another and have a good marriage. That is what is exciting. In the Spirit-realm you learn these things. I knew an usher who stopped a man from searching through a pastorââ¬â¢s desk after God spoke to him. You must expect God to use youRead MoreThe White Man s Burden By Rudyard Kipling10612 Words à |à 43 Pagesexplain. Thus, she decides to leave India without saying anything about those secrets. Aziz looks at Moore as having ââ¬Ëeternal goodnessââ¬â¢ (III, XXXVI: 297) attaching some Greek mythology to her character. 2.2.3 Fielding # Mr. Fielding is an English school headmaster of an Indian College, which means he has no power like other officials in the British colonial system. His job demands him to interact with the natives. His attachment with the Indians enables him to distinguish them better than anybody Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-45413643766170926192019-12-18T02:15:00.001-08:002019-12-18T02:15:03.824-08:00Cdcs Control and Prevention of Hiv - 586 Words Summary of Research for Legal Project Presentation Tammy Fergerson HCS/430 7/15/2012 Edna Wilkerson The Center for Disease Control provides leadership, guidance, and research to help control the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic by working alongside the communities on a state and national level. They are also partners with other countries abroad in research, surveillance and evaluation of activities among the worldââ¬â¢s population. The activities monitored are critical to CDC due to the estimated 1.1 million Americans infected with the disease. Some of these infected populations do not know they are infected and the number increases each year. CDCââ¬â¢s programs help improve theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦(2012). In Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services. Retrieved July 15, 2012, fromShow MoreRelatedHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Aids1278 Words à |à 6 Pagesimmunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is a pandemic problem affecting global health. At the end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HI V/AIDS globally. The rate of incidence is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa with almost 1 in every 24 adults living with HIV/AIDS. In the united states, HIV/AIDS is a diversified health problem affecting all sexes, ages and races and involving the transmission of multiple risk behavior. However, with the introduction of various prevention programs and antiretroviralRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1459 Words à |à 6 PagesThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS (auto immunodeficiency syndrome ââ¬â the final stage of HIV) can be classified as one of the most devastating epidemics in United States history (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Although still an alarming concern in public health, due to prevention strategies and medical advances, the disease is less fatal and is treated as a chronic disease (instead of a death sentence, as in the past). There are currently 1.2 millionRead MoreHiv / Aids : A Global Health Syste m1606 Words à |à 7 PagesHIV/AIDS: A global health system Rita K. Asiedu Rutgers University Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is a pandemic problem affecting global health. At the end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HIV/AIDS globally. The rate of incidence is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa with almost 1 in every 24 adults living with HIV/AIDS. In the united states, HIV/AIDS is a diversified health problem affecting all sexes, ages and races and involving the transmission of multipleRead MoreThe Effects Of Hiv On A Healthy Lifestyle1553 Words à |à 7 Pagesindividuals who have contracted HIV, there are certain steps a person can take to live a healthy lifestyle. Most people assume that after a person has contracted HIV, then it is over and there is nothing that person can do. It is true that the HIV virus does not have a cure, but it does not mean that people have to let the virus consume them by thinking there is nothing they can do. If the individual found out early the HIV virus was in their body, they can go to a HIV medical care and receive à ¢â¬Å"antiretroviralâ⬠Read MoreThe Importance Of Public Health Policy803 Words à |à 4 PagesThere are seven words that the Trump administration has allegedly banned the policy analysts at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in preparing the 2019 budget. However, CDC Director Dr. Brenda Fitzgerald issued a statement to deny the agency was prohibited from using the seven words or phrases. The Washington Post identified the seven words or phrases as vulnerable, entitlement, diversity, transgender, fetus, evidence-based, and science-based. The instructions were given at a meetingRead MoreThe Importance Of Evidence Based On Public Health996 Words à |à 4 Pages According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) evidence based is having the necessary tools to improve the population health. The importance of evidence based on Public Health, because its focus on the population and emphasis on the prevention, health promotion and the whole entire community. Effective programs can help increase understanding of STDs and HIV and how to get proper screening. Effective programs/policies/initiatives The CDCââ¬â¢s Division of Adolescent and School HealthRead MoreHiv Aids And Hiv And Aids1246 Words à |à 5 Pages HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus (Avert). It is virus that attacks the immune system, our bodyââ¬â¢s defense against disease (Avert). Individuals who become infected with HIV will find it harder to fight infections (Avert). HIV is located in semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids, and breast milk (HIV and Aids). The most common method to become infected is through anal or vaginal sex without a condom (HIV and Aids). Other forms of contraction include using infected needles/ syringes, fromRead MoreEssay on Prevention Of Hiv Transmittance To Babies1145 Words à |à 5 Pages Prevention of HIV Transmittance to Babies Last year, it was cause for celebration. The cause of celebration was for the results that several clinical trials of zidovudine cut the risk for mother to child transmission of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) by two thirds. Although, this year, it is the basis for new federal recommendations that all pregnant women should receive HIV testing and counseling. But, these findings have been cause of protests by several activist groups. Activists fear thatRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus And Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay1691 Words à |à 7 Pagestransmitted, so basically if it is highly contagious and most importantly, if any cure has been established for it. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(HIV/AIDS) is one of the most difficult epidemics to control. This is because, the HIV virus attacks the very cells designed to control and as such, can avoid exposure to treatments which is the major reason why a cure for it hasnââ¬â¢t been found. Owing to the lack of their knowledge of the severity of the virus, a shadowRead MoreCenters for Disease Control and Prevention629 Words à |à 3 Pages Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Weam Khadim PBHE501-American Public University May 21, 2013 Dr. Shalah Watkins-Bailey Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention is a national public health federal agency under Department of Health and Human Services headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. It is division of Department of Health and Human Services responsible for managing national programs for control and prevention of communicable diseases Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-70028400458178686122019-12-09T22:57:00.001-08:002019-12-09T22:57:03.374-08:00Psychology Myths free essay sample Power Most people believe that people only use 10% of the brain power because they are hopeful. Even very educated people fall into this trap. If only ten percent is being used, there Is plenty of room to become smarter. But this is untrue. Businesses feed off this hope for self-improvement, and therefore, create products that do not actually aid in self-improvement but Just act as a feel good product for the customer. But these scams and shortcuts are useless. Hard work is the only way of getting ahead in life.Looking at the Terrier Achieve case, 50% of her cerebrum was destroyed in an accident, and after the fact, she remained In a state of vegetation for fifteen years before her inevitable death. If 90% of the brain was not needed, Achieve should have survived. And In stoke and head trauma patients, no matter which part of the brain is destroyed, patients are always left with serious deficits in functioning. Finally, when parents of the brain are unused, they either wither away or are colonized by surrounding areas. Furthermore, people do not use only ten percent of their brain power. This is a myth I already knew to be false. And I found the supporting evidence to be very interesting. Chapter 2: Myth # 6 Playing Mozart Music to Infants Boost Their Intelligence In 1 993, a study was published showing that college students who listened to 10 minutes of Mozart sonatas performed much better on spatial reasoning tasks then the students who did not listen. Soon after, this study was blown out of proportion, and the Mozart Effect was born. The Mozart Effect is the claim that people became more Intelligent upon listening to Mozart music.It has even gotten to the point where the New York Jets played Mozart during practice to enhance their performance, and newborns in Georgia received free copies of Mozart CDC to increase intelligence. But research done on the Mozart Effect after the original study have not backed up the claim. Most research leads to another explanation: short- term arousal. So while Mozart music may boost performances shortly after listening, It has nothing to do with the music itself. And Mozart music does not have the ability to increase intelligence in adults or infants either.I was skeptical about this myth when I first heard this myth a few years ago, and it seems had good reason to be. Chapter 3: Myth # 14- Most People with Amnesia Forget All Details of Their Earlier Lives 1 OFFS up from a lengthy comma after an accident with little or no recollection of the past events in his life. This is what most Americans have come to believe. But in the real Nor, amnesia is the complete opposite; instead, those with amnesia have difficulty creating new memories. Also, the generalized amnesia that is portrayed in these Hollywood movies is extremely rare. There are more misconceptions that the public have about amnesia.One being, amnesia patients lives normal lives despite their loss of memory, and two being, a second bump to the head can be responsible for bringing lost memories back. Both are wrong. Amnesia patients are almost always scarred with lasting and serious cognitive deficits, and a second bump to the head only creates more problems. Sadly, I had fallen victim to this myth due to all the amnesia movies I had seen. Chapter 4: Myth # 16 If Youre Unsure of Your Answer When Taking a Test, Its Best to Stick with Your Initial Hunch he First Instinct Fallacy warns multiple choice test takers to be wary of changing answers. For it is more likely to change a right answer into a wrong answer than it is to change a wrong answer to a right answer. Though professors, students, and Inebriates encourage students to trust their initial hunch, scientific findings suggest otherwise. Over sixty studies suggest changing answers. For each point that students lose when changing from a right to a wrong answer, they gain between two and three points on average in changing from a wrong to a right answer. I admit that eave historically stuck with my hunches, but I wont be anymore.Chapter 5: Myth # 20 Researches Have Demonstrated that Dreams Possess Symbolic Meaning Once again brainwashed by popular belief, high percentages of people across the glove believe that dreams mirror peoples desires, showing the future, personal insight, and advice. Freud state that dreams were the royal road to understanding the unconscious mind, or the via Regina. During dreaming, the egos defenses are down, allowing the id to shine through. The id is then morphed into trademark, symbols masking hidden wishes.He warns though, that this trademark is difficult to decipher and not universal for all. However, modern scientists have not come across any evidence to prove Freud correct. Whilst in ERM sleep, people often have illogical and emotional dreams. Hobnobs and McCauley concocted a theory tying dreaming to brain activity instead of symbolic expression of unconscious wishes. Because of the haphazard information transmitted from the ponds of the brain, dreaming essentially has no meaning. But Freud was correct about two points: dreams are influenced by daily activity, and dreams are emotion based.This was another myth that I believed Chapter 6: Myth #25 Ulcers Are Caused Primarily or Entirely by Stress before the medical breakthrough in the mid sass, ulcers were believed to be caused by stress, along with a plethora of other causes. Frauds assumption that ulcers were result of psychological conflict. And to this day, this is still the popular belief, along Ninth eating and lifestyle habits. Also, because stomachs churn because of stress, it is assumed that stress can lead to other stomach problems.But proof arose when Marshall and Warren identified the relation between ulcers and the Helicopter wooly bacterium. But as usual, popular belief was slow to follow medical findings. But though awareness has spread, most still believe that stress is the primary cause of ulcers. But most likely, a combination of dangerous bacteria, stress, and emotions create a perfect environment for H. Pylori to wreak havoc on the stomach tissues. I believed this myth because I had a friend last year who was unbelievably stressed and also happened to have stomach ulcers.Chapter 7: Myth #27 Opposites Attract: We Are Most Romantically Attracted to People Who Differ from Us Everyone is in love with idea of opposites attracting romantically. But its too good to be true, right? Yes. This is one of many psychology myths that is always backwards. Dozens of studies show people with similar personality traits are more attracted to each other than if they had differing personality traits. Hence the creation of Inebriates such as Match. Com and Raymond. Com that match people based on shared personality traits and attitudes.Similarity in these traits are also a good indicator of marriage and happiness. So most of the time, like attracts like and opposites actually repel each other. This was a myth that I had heard much of and correctly rejected. Chapter 8: Myth #36 Our Handwriting Reveals Our Personality Traits Handwriting style is unique to each individual. Because of this, graphology, the analysis of handwriting, could possibly reveal our unique psychological make up. As a pseudoscience, graphology is not completely reliable and even open for interpretation.A whip like crossed letter t to one graphologist indicates a sadist but a Kerr to another graphologist. Graphologists say things such as the police and courts employees, but it isnt true. Police and courts dont use graphology and the pool of possible employees is already all qualified. Richard Kowalski conducted an experiment in 1992 and found that graphologists did no better than chance when foretelling ones Job performance based on handwriting. This was a myth I found to be somewhat silly; it is like Judging a book by its cover.Chapter 9: Myth #36 Theres Recently Been a Massive Epidemic of Infantile Autism Recently, the public has come to believe autistic babies are popping out of wombs left and right. Before the sass, 1 in 2,500 were autistic. That statistic is now 1 in 150, n astonishing 657% increase. Many parents pointed their fingers at Mercury tainted canines, even though there is no link between the two. Additionally, the 2008 U. S. Presidential election supported the increasing prevalence of autism, leading even more people to believe in the myth.But it is unlikely that autism is becoming more common. Instead, we must turn to a loosening of diagnostic procedures in recent times. And because schools are required to have an exact count of children with disabilities such as autism, the number of cases reported now does not reflect the hang in autisms frequency. Movies such as The Rain Man also created a heightened observation for autism. All these factors lead to the conclusion that the autism epidemic is an illusion; autism diagnoses are out of the roof while there is no actual increase in the prevalence of autism.This all makes for a pointless fuss over the autism epidemic. This was a myth I was already aware of because Born On A IEEE Day and having an autistic family friend; I was Just still curious on the matter. Chapter 1 1: Myth #49 All Effective Psychotherapies Force People to Confront the Root Causes of Their Problems in Childhood Hollywood movies often dramatist psychotherapy sessions, showing a patient reclined on a couch, searching for memories from childhood, and suddenly remembrance of a painful event.This stems from Frauds belief in current difficulties are rooted in experiences from childhood. Adding on to Freud, Harry Lessons belief that early memories when correctly interpreted often reveal very quickly the basic core of ones personality was also shared by many. Though childhood problems may help understand ongoing problems, these recollections are often distorted and accurate. Furthermore, childhood problems do not have to do with later psychological problems and do not need to be known to change.Later therapies emphasized the signifi cance of current awareness, acceptance, and expression of emotions. Behavior therapists define successful therapy as acquiring adaptive behaviors and strategies that patients can actually use in real life. As proof, in one psychotherapy treatment, 24 out of 42 patients improved but showed no insight forwards instead of backwards. This was another myth I thought was real because it seemed legitimate. Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-70681660581347208822019-12-02T10:39:00.001-08:002019-12-02T10:39:03.970-08:00The Congo Crisis an International Perspective Essay ExampleThe Congo Crisis: an International Perspective Essay The Congo Crisis: An International Perspective There is a need to take advantage of the change that has taken place in the Congo, however tragic that has been in its coming. ââ¬â Paul Kagame As the third largest country in Africa and blessed with a large endowment of natural resources, the Democratic Republic of Congo possesses great opportunity to develop itself into a successful nation. However, the great abuses of the Congoââ¬â¢s colonial rulers and the lack of central unity across its vast territory left the nascent republic to be taken advantage of by various forces, both inside and outside the country. From the first colonization of the area under King Leopoldââ¬â¢s reign of terror as his personal colonial venture, to the Belgians rapid handover of independence after only five months notice, the position of the Congo as colonialismââ¬â¢s worst legacy led to the volatile state present at independence in 1960 which resulted in the Republic of Leopoldville being reduced to six years of civil war and secessionism known as the Congo Crisis. The Congo Crisis and its effect on the Congo is of utmost importance especially in respect to the First and Second Congo Wars, current conflicts which have cost millions of lives and involved up to twenty five armed groups and eight African nations. To that end, this essay will seek to analyze how outside interests effected the development of the 1960-1966 Congo Crisis and to research this internal conflict in its international context. We will write a custom essay sample on The Congo Crisis: an International Perspective specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Congo Crisis: an International Perspective specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Congo Crisis: an International Perspective specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There were several reasons behind the breakdown in order upon the Congoââ¬â¢s independence: the devastating treatment of the land by its colonial masters and the abrupt move towards independence with little provision made for a smooth transition of power, the lack of political unity in a government split by wider Cold War politics, European and business interest support of secessionist movements in the Congoââ¬â¢s resource rich, yet distant provinces and underlying ethnic disputes in this vast nation. Todayââ¬â¢s Democratic Republic of the Congo has a long history stretching back to medieval era native kingdoms, such as the Kingdom of Kongo, whose people had trading contacts with both European powers and the Arab/Swahili slave traders operating out of Zanzibar in East Africa. In the late 19th Century, European industrialization and the rise of new powers such as Germany led to a growing interest in acquiring African colonies, ostensibly to uplift and civilize the natives. One such ââ¬Å"humanitarianâ⬠venture was the International Congo Society of Leopold II King of the Belgians, which like other colonial ventures was a front for the actual exploitation of Africaââ¬â¢s vast natural resources and population base. King Leopold began his private colonial adventure in the Congo basin when it became apparent his Belgian subjects had no interest in colonies. The king used the International Congo Society to further his ambitions in setting up the Congo as his private source of income. In his imperialistic bid for a personal colony, King Leopold commission Henry Morton Stanley to explore the Congo basin and establish trading posts in the name of the society. The competing interests of France, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the Congo Society were the leading factor that led Portugal to call for and Bismarck to convene the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885. It was at this historic conference, which included no native African representatives, that the rules for empire building in Africa were laid down, effectively opening the continent to the subsequent territorial scramble. The status of the Congo was one of the first issues resolved, by playing off French and German interest in free trade in Central Africa, King Leopold was able to maintain his gains and the centuries old Kingdom of Kongo was partitioned between Leopoldââ¬â¢s newly formed Congo Free State, French Congo based in Brazzaville and Portuguese Angola. Meanwhile, the Congo Free State was organized as the private property of the International Congo Society, and thus the property of King Leopold. With his control of the region secure, Leopold began the wholesale exploitation of the Congolese people and resources with a terror regime meant to bend the native population to the stateââ¬â¢s dictates. With much of his personal fortune invested in the Free State, Leopoldââ¬â¢s district administrators and mercenary enforcers were given authority to do anything to meet his unrealistically high rubber quotas, or pay the difference in the severed hands of the native workers. The Congo Free State, and in reality, King Leopoldââ¬â¢s treatment of the native forced labor has been argued to have reduced the Congoââ¬â¢s population by half from 1885-1908. Leopoldââ¬â¢s reign of terror in the country would prove economically unsustainable in the long run, but the spike of rubber prices in the 1890s made the king a huge fortune, none of which was used to develop the Congo or uplift its population as was the Congo Free Stateââ¬â¢s original intention. The development of competing rubber sources and the international outcry as news of the atrocities committed by the Free State were made public created one of the biggest scandals of the period and eventually forced King Leopold to cede control of the Congo to the reluctant Belgian government in 1908. The debacle of European rule in the Congo was regularly criticized and satire by European writers of the time, most famously Joseph Conradââ¬â¢s The Heart of Darkness. The transfer of power to the Belgian Congo brought a reduction to the brutal exploitation and arbitrary violence committed by the government and foreign concessionary companies. Though the Congoââ¬â¢s new Belgian rulers made some efforts at improving the nationââ¬â¢s infrastructure, healthcare and education, the primary motivation for colonial expansion remained the desire to tap the great mineral and natural riches of the Congo basin for Belgium. The Belgianââ¬â¢s labor practices were quite preferable to previous treatment under Leopoldââ¬â¢s mercenaries; however, forced labor and violent tactics existed until independence in 1960. The Belgianââ¬â¢s did make investments into developing the Congoââ¬â¢s infrastructure, especially in the 1920s and 1950s, though these developments were entirely focused on economic development to support European corporations and business interests. While Congolese exports soared, an extensive plantation system became an economic base of the colony along with the forced resettlement of tens of thousands of native workers to Katanga provinceââ¬â¢s copper belt. After the First World War, the colonial administrators instituted mandatory farming of cash crops, such as coffee, cotton and palm oil, which was despised by native Congolese farmers who faced sanctions if they did not meet the quotas. The Congoââ¬â¢s export-dependent economy was hit hard by the Great Depression and the associated fall in demand for the colonyââ¬â¢s mineral exports. Similarly, the Belgian Congo was exploited for its material resources in the Second World War, serving as the Allies main source of rubber and uranium throughout the war and early Cold War period. In fact, the uranium used in the atomic bombs dropped on Japan was mined in the Congo. After the war, the Belgian government in Leopoldville finally enacted reforms aimed at actually improving the lives of the native Congolese population. Much effort was expended in building the nationââ¬â¢s infrastructure and healthcare system. The Catholic Church set up an extensive school system that aimed at educating the Africans with Western values and culture. The colonial government was eager to be seen as a benevolent protector of native rights and culture, whose only mission was to bring the locals up to modern standards, yet the Belgian administrators did little to actually uplift the native populations and the Congolese had no voice in government decisions. Despite their life improving reforms, the Belgians still maintained a de facto regime of segregation and other forms of discrimination. In the atmosphere of the post-war 1950s de-colonialism, native resistance and dissent was on the rise and the Belgians were forced to allow the limited political emancipation of educated Africans, known as evolues. However, the colonial governmentââ¬â¢s unwillingness to grant real political reform led to a sharp spike in Congolese resistance to their colonial rulers. The Belgian government completely lacked an official plan to develop the Congo towards independence and with very few educated Congolese capable to take control of colonial administration, even as compared with other African colonies, many scholars and politicians in the Belgian metropole, such as professor Antoine van Bilsen, advocated a ââ¬Å"Thirty Year Planâ⬠to gradually prepare the Congo for independence. This was seen by local elites and evolues as an attempt by Belgium to maintain control over the Congo indefinitely and was met with instant hostility. Beginning in 1955 through to independence in 1960, the rapidly developed Congolese independence movement sought to cultivate indigenous rule as rapidly as possible. The refusal of the colonial government to introduce credible change to the political system led to the Congolese elites organizing themselves socially and politically. With the Congolese public supporting the move towards greater native control, two forms of nationalism took root among the disparate political organizations: those who advocated the independence of the entire Belgian Congo as a single, territorially unified state, and those who supported ethnic and regional nationalism. The first political organizations were formed along ethnic lines, beginning with the Association des Bakongo (ABAKO), led by the important Congolese politician Joseph Kasa-Vubu. This cultural/political organization of the est coastââ¬â¢s Bakongo people was an early opponent to Belgian colonial rule and was tacitly supportive of other regional or ethnic movements, such as in Katanga and Kasai. Kasa-Vubuââ¬â¢s Bakongo people and other groups in the Lower Congo where also unified by religious association with the popular Kimbanguist Church. The Belgians allowed educated Africans to stand for municipal election in the three major cities of Leopoldville, Jadotville a nd Elizabethville in 1957, but it was events taking place outside the Congo that sped up demands for independence. In 1957, Ghana gained its independence from the United Kingdom and President De Gaulle offered Franceââ¬â¢s sub-Saharan African colonies the choice of full independence or association with France. Furthermore, the 1958 World Expedition in Brussels brought many Congolese elites to Belgium for the first time, accelerating the independence movement. By 1958, the drive for independence entered a radicalized phase and nearly every ethnic/social group had established a representative political organization in Leopoldville. As early as 1956, Patrice Lumumba had organized the Mouvement National Congolaise (MNC), the first political organization that encompassed the entirety of the Congoââ¬â¢s territory and advocated for the unified independence of the whole colony. In 1959, the national party split after Albert Kalonji created the more moderate MNC-K to counter Lumumbaââ¬â¢s left leaning policies. The socialist leanings of Lumumba and the MNC-L were opposed by Belgium and other westerners who feared for their extensive financial interests in the Congo. The Belgian governmentââ¬â¢s unwillingness to part with its colony was turned around by the events of 1959. On January 4th a large-scale rally organized by the Association des Bakongo (ABAKO) that was prohibited by Belgians authorities got out of control, leading to major rioting in Leopoldville and throughout the country. In the days it took for colonial authorities to restore order, it is estimated several hundred Congolese were killed. The outrage this incident stirred amongst the native Congolese population had quite an effect on Belgian policy. Just nine days later King Baudouin declared that Belgium would move towards independence ââ¬Å"without hesitation, but also without irresponsible rashness. â⬠However, the Belgians still envisioned a path to independence that would take years and see the handover of powers on a gradual basis. Increasing resistance to Belgian control included refusing to pay taxes and the threat of militant unrest in the provinces. The furious public backlash against the Belgians arrest of Patrice Lumumba made the Belgian public fearful of a sparking a bloody, expensive colonial war. The ongoing French military involvement in drawn out conflicts in Algeria, Vietnam as well as the bloody Dutch colonial war in Indonesia convinced Belgian public opinion that the Congolese independence process should be instantly sped up. In January of 1960, the major Congolese political leaders met in Brussels for the Roundtable Conference to settle the future status of the Belgian Congo. The Belgians sudden desire to get rid of its colony was evident when the conference quickly granted the Congolese nearly all their demands. General elections where to be held in May of that year, with full independence known as ââ¬Å"Dipendaâ⬠, set for June 30th, 1960. The elections were primarily a race between three coalitions of parties: a centralist union coalition led by Patrice Lumumbaââ¬â¢s MNC-L, a federalist organization supported by Albert Kalonjiââ¬â¢s MNC-K and Joseph Kasa-Vubuââ¬â¢s ABAKO, and regionalist parties headed by the ruler of the mineral rich Katanga province Moise Tshombe. Each faction did well in the May elections, winning votes in the core regions of their support: ABAKO and the ethnic, federalist parties based in the west at Leopoldville, Lumumbaââ¬â¢s unionist MNC in Stanleyville and eastern Congo, and the mining unions and regional secessionist movements in South Kasai and Katanga. With the arrival of independence soon after, the various coalitions compromised; Joseph Kasa-Vubu was to be the first President and Patrice Lumumba the first head of government of the Republic of Congo ââ¬â Leopoldville. On its first day of independence, King Baudouin of Belgium made and ill-advised speech praising his great uncle King Leopold II and the work the Belgians did to uplift the Congolese. Lumumbaââ¬â¢s retort was a fiery repudiation of what the King had said, extolling the Congolese struggle for independence as a path ââ¬Å"of blood, fire and bloodâ⬠against the Belgianââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"regime of injustice, oppression and exploitationâ⬠. Despite indignation at this combative speech in the West, this represented a clear break with Belgium and its tone was widely supported in both the Congo and the rest of Africa. In his speech marking independence, Lumumba also made a call for: Thus, in the interior and the exterior, the new Congo, our dear Republic that my government will create, will be a rich, free, and prosperous country. But so that we will reach this aim without delay, I ask all of you, legislators and citizens, to help me with all your strength. I ask all of you to forget your tribal quarrels. They exhaust us. They risk making us despised abroad. I ask the parliamentary minority to help my Government through a constructive opposition and to limit themselves strictly to legal and democratic channels. I ask all of you not to shrink before any sacrifice in order to achieve the success of our huge undertaking. Though the Congoââ¬â¢s independence celebration in June of 1960 was one of jubilation and hope for the future, the nascent Republicââ¬â¢s unity was only to last five days. The unraveling of law and order in the infant Congolese republic began in its military. The Force Publique was left over from the Belgian administration, and its inability to cope with the nationââ¬â¢s new status led to a disastrous army mutiny on July 5, 1960, just five days after independence. With few indigenous officers properly trained by the time of independence, the Force Publique was commanded by an overwhelmingly white, European officer corp. The inability of native soldiers and non-commissioned officers to seek advancement in a Belgian dominated command structure was a source of major resentment. Exacerbating tensions, Patrice Lumumba raised the wages of all government employees and civil servants, with the exception of the military. Discontent had reached a high point when the Belgian commander of the Force Publique, Lieutenant General Emile Janssens convened the July 5 meeting with the army garrison at Leopoldville. In a misguided attempt to improve morale and affirm the soldiersââ¬â¢ loyalty to the Force, the lieutenant general recalled the menââ¬â¢s commitments and oaths sworn to the colonial Force Publique to establish a continuity of doctrine. He even went as far as writing ââ¬Å"After independence = before independenceâ⬠on the blackboard, which convinced the Congolese soldiers that their Belgian officers were trying to maintain the colonial order of things. Janssens blunder served as a catalyst to the rapidly building dissent in the Congolese army, but the mutiny which erupted later that day was the reflection of a broader anti-Belgian, anti-European reaction sweeping through large segments of Congolese society. The mutineers, after overthrowing their white officers, began the lawless looting of Leopoldville nd the targeting of the whites living in the city. Thousands of Belgians fled the capital and the mutiny became an international crisis. The breakdown of order and the collapse of central governance in the next few weeks shattered the Lumumbaââ¬â¢s government. Within two weeks of the proclamation of independence, Prime Minister Lumumba was faced with both a nationwide mutiny by the army and a secessionist mo vement in the province of Katanga bankrolled by Western mining interests. Both revolts were instigated by the Belgians, who also intervened militarily on 10 July a day before the Katanga secession was announced. ââ¬â Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja The Belgian decision to intervene militarily in the Congo was ostensibly to protect its citizens from the marauding army, whose threat to white settlers in the country was very real, but it was done so without the permission of Lumumba or the Congolese government and was generally seen as being supportive of the central governmentââ¬â¢s opponents. The Belgian unilateral action directly violated the Republicââ¬â¢s national sovereignty and was thus illegal by international law. The Belgian interventionist forces clearly supported centrist political leaders opposed to Lumumba and had a vested interest in assisting Katangan independence or autonomy to secure its business interests in this vital, mineral-rich region. Belgian economic interest in Katanga was backed up by the deployment of over six thousand Belgian troops to bolster the breakaway state. Katangaââ¬â¢s bid at independence was proclaimed the day after the Belgian intervention on July 11, 1960. Under the leadership of Moise Tshombe, Katangan strongman and head of local party Confederation des Associations Tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT), Katanga seceded to distance itself from the anarchy pervading the rest of the country and cultivated close ties with Belgian business interest such as the Union Miniere in order to keep Katangaââ¬â¢s mineral wealth in the state. Katanga represented the entire Congoââ¬â¢s major share of copper, uranium and gold, and was the richest and most developed region of the country. Its independence from the Leopoldville government would economically cripple the newly independent nation and was increasingly viewed by the United Nations as a bid by the Belgians to establish a puppet mining-state in Katanga. In order to force the Belgian forces out of the Congo, Lumumba put the matter to the UN, who adopted Resolution 143 on July 14, which called for Belgian troops to evacuate the country and authorized UN ââ¬Å"military assistance as may be necessary until the [Congolese] security forces to meet fully their tasks. The international crisis that fed the developing Congo Crisis was initially only an anti-colonial effort against the intervening Belgians, but the issue soon devolved into a major Cold War political confrontation, which colored the often uncoordinated and poorly planned UN decisions in respect to the Congo. Prime Minister Lumumba demanded the immediate withdrawal of all Belgian forces form Congolese territories in two day or he threatened to seek assis tance from the Soviet Union. The UN, looking to prevent the crisis from developing into a Cold War battle, quickly set about creating the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC), the largest UN mission to date, peacekeeping troops began arriving immediately to help restore order. The UN Resolution establishing ONUC forces lacked a clear mandate and means to accomplish its objectives. Lumumba wanted to use UN troops to replace the fractured Armee National Congolaise (ANC), renamed after ââ¬Å"Africanizingâ⬠the Force Publique, and use them to reconquer Tshombeââ¬â¢s breakaway State of Katanga. Some UN leaders, including UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold, argued that UN troops were not authorized to conduct offensive actions and that the Katanga secession was a Congolese internal matter, thus forbidden by Article 2 of the United Nations Charter. The United Nationââ¬â¢s presence in the Congo remained rather inconsequential until the August 9 UN Resolution 146, which allowed UN troops to enter Katanga and repeated calls for the withdrawal of Belgian troops from the province. However, the UN failed to make effective use of its presence and there was little development towards a resolution of the conflict. In fact, in the atmosphere of complete political disintegration in the country, on August 8, Lumumbaââ¬â¢s old political rival from the early days of the MNC, Albert Kalonji, was installed as president of the autonomous Mining State of South Kasai as yet another region slipped out of the Leopoldvilleââ¬â¢s control. With no more patience for the UN forceââ¬â¢s inaction over the past month, Lumumba finally called in Soviet support, which promptly provided military assistance in the form of an airlift of Congolese troops to attack breakaway South Kasai. The bloody campaign that ensued began to return Kasai and its mining interests to central government control, but the Soviet military assistance set the United States and its allies against Lumumba, who was now seen as a firm Soviet ally. Increasingly, the US and CIA supported more conservative Congolese political leaders, such as President Kasa-Vubu and ANC commander Joseph Mobutu. The continued political disintegration of the government was exacerbated by the Cold War influence of the United States and the Soviet Union, leading to the complete split of the Congoââ¬â¢s first government. On September 5, 1960, President Kasa-Vubu with Western backing dismissed Lumumba as prime minister and replaced him with respected moderate Joseph Ileo. Lumumba refused his removal and dismissed Kasa-Vubu as president in turn. Despite UN attempts to restore order, including closing all radio stations to silence the increasingly inflammatory actions of Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu, the disorder spreading in the country proved too much to control. By September 10, the coalition government elected back in May, before independence, was by every definition dissolved. Into this political vacuum stepped Colonel Joseph Mobutu, the Chief of Staff of the Armee National Congolais and the leader that had managed to rein in most of the deserting soldiers during the mutiny. Both Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba had ordered the army chief to arrest the other and Mobutu was pressured by all factions to side with them. The fact that Western embassies paid much of his soldiersââ¬â¢ salaries combined with Mobutu and his subordinatesââ¬â¢ mistrust of Soviet intentions in Central Africa led to Mobutuââ¬â¢s decision to turn on Lumumba. With CIA backing, Mobutu launched a successful coup on September 14, 1960. Lumumba was again placed under house-arrest and Kasa-Vubu was left as the powerless, figurehead president. In order to cultivate further support in the United States, Mobutu ordered all Soviet advisors in the Congo to leave and accused Lumumba and his supporters of being communists. Meanwhile, Lumumbaââ¬â¢s supporters under the leadership of similarly deposed Vice Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga created a rival government at their power base in Stanleyville. By this stage, the territory of the Republic of Congo was controlled by four rival governments: the Western backed national government of Mobutu based in Leopoldville; the pro-Lumumba, Soviet supported rival national government based in Stanleyville; Moise Tshombeââ¬â¢s Belgian and mercenary supported breakaway State of Katanga; and Albert Kalonjiââ¬â¢s mining state in South Kasai. On November 27, Lumumba attempted to escape to his supporters in Eastern Congo but was recaptured by Mobutuââ¬â¢s forces on December 1 in Kasai. As the national hero who secured the Congoââ¬â¢s independence from Belgium, Lumumbaââ¬â¢s remaining political power still posed a threat to Mobutuââ¬â¢s tentative reign in Leopoldville. Convinced by the Belgians, who considered Lumumba an even bigger threat to their interests than Mobutu, convinced the colonel to hand the deposed prime minister over to Belgian and Katangan forces. On January 17, 1961, Lumumba was beaten, humiliated and brutally executed in Elizabethville, Katanga. The prime ministerââ¬â¢s death sparked indignation and rage from the Soviet Union, who rightfully blamed Belgium for their involvement in the assassination. The international atmosphere of anti-colonialism and protest of the situation in the Congo finally galvanized support in the UN to conduct military operations to bring Katanga back in into the republic. Though the Security Council adopted Resolution 161, urging the United Nations to prevent civil war in the Congo and end the secession of Katanga, the UN command waited six months to commence major military operations preferring instead to host several rounds of unity talks and political negotiations. From January to May 1961, the UN hosted talks at Leopoldville and Tananarive, Madagascar that recommended a loose confederation: this conference was boycotted by pro-Lumumbist Antoine Gizenga and was opposed by Mobutu who wanted greater central control in Leopoldville. A third conference was held in Coquilhatville, capital of the Equateur province which advocated a federal state: this proposal was opposed by Moise Tshombe who wanted greater autonomy for Katanga. Eventually, on August 2, 1961, the Congolese parliament voted in Cyrille Adoula as Prime Minister to bring stability to the central government and to provide unity between all the provinces. However, it soon became clear that Tshombe was not serious about including Katanga in the larger Congolese political process and that he was actively avoiding curbing Katangan autonomy by unifying with the central government. When the UN learned that Tshombe was still employing foreign mercenaries to train and fight with the Katangan gendarme, they launched Operation Rumpunch: UN troops then moved into Katanga to disarm the local troops and arrest the foreign mercenary core of the Katangan forces. However, most foreign mercenaries in Katangan employ soon repatriated into Katanga through the Northern Rhodesian (Zambian) border. When the failure of Rumpunch became clear, the UN launched Operation Morthor to round up the mercenaries and arrest Tshombe and his top supporters. The Katangan gendarme was prepared for the UN action and the operation turned into open warfare. Tshombe escaped and the fighting became very bloody, including the well publicized siege of an Irish company of UN troops at Jadotville by Katangan forces. UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjoldââ¬â¢s attempt to personally broker a peace settlement through the UN into further disarray when Hammarskjoldââ¬â¢s plane crashed en route to Ndola, killing him. The UN eventually regained its composure and engaged in several operations against Tshombeââ¬â¢s gendarme and foreign mercenary force, finally forcing the secessionist leader to negotiate by the end of 1961. With the Katangan front under armistice, Congolese forces focused on a four month campaign to eradicate Albert Kalonjiââ¬â¢s independent mining entity in South Kasai. With the arrest of Kalonji on December 30, 1961, South Kasai returned indefinitely to Congolese control. Meanwhile, Antoine Gizengaââ¬â¢s pro-Lumumbist government in the Orientale province was widely recognized by Eastern European and several African nations and was receiving arms shipments from China, whose enigmatic leader Mao Zedong held mass rallies and published literature such as In the Support of the People of the Congo (Leopoldville) Against U. S. Aggression. Gizengaââ¬â¢s cooperation with Prime Minister Cyrille Adoulaââ¬â¢s coalition government in Leopoldville broke down by the end of 1961, and the resurgent ANC quickly ended the rival government when it defeated Stanleyville militias on January 14, 1962 and arrested Gizenga. Katanga under Tshombe managed to preserve autonomy throughout the fruitless peace discussions of 1962. Eventually, the new UN Secretary General U Thant authorized the December 1962 Operation Grand Slam, which proved the final blow to an independent Katanga and by January of 1963 the hole nation was at last under UN and Congolese control. This brief lull in the Congo Crisis was shattered with the Simba Rebellion of Eastern Congo in 1964. Protesting alleged abuses of the central government in Leopoldville, rebels under leaders Pierre Mulele, Gaston Soumialot and Christophe Gbenye started attacking government troops and installations across the Orientale and Kivu provinces. The rebel leaders were f ormer members of Antoine Gizengaââ¬â¢s Parti Solidaire Africain and were political leftists. In this way, the Simba Rebellion, and its rapid capture of half the Congo within weeks of its start can be seen as a continuation of the leftist, rival government of Gizenga in Stanleyville from 160-1961. The rebellion was also a violent reaction to the perceived abuses on the Congo perpetrated by Western powers. Western leaning Congolese were publicly executed in the rebels growing reign of terror over Eastern Congo. In order to effectively counter this emergent threat, former secessionist leader Moise Tshombe replaced Cyrille Adoula as Prime Minister in July 1964. The ironic appointment of former rebel Tshombe to the Congoââ¬â¢s highest post was thought to utilize Tshombeââ¬â¢s extensive experience in rebellion to help the faltering ANC put down the Simba rebels. Making use of his old Katangan gendarme and many of the same mercenaries who fought for him in Katanga, Tshombeââ¬â¢s forces made decent progress against rebel troops. In August, fearing defeat by Tshombeââ¬â¢s resurgent leadership of the ANC, the Simba Rebellion making hostages of several hundred white residents in Stanleyville. To resolve this crisis, the Congolese government requested assistance from Belgium and the United States. Belgium quickly landed a task force in the country, and the United States provided its 322nd Air Division to drop Belgian paratroopers into Simba territory and provide logistical support. Belgium and the United States conducted two paratrooper actions: Operation Dragon Rouge in Stanleyville and Operation Dragon Noir in Paulis. These operations were regarded as successful and over the next few days, over 1,800 Americans and Europeans were evacuated. The Western paratroop operations coincided with the advance of ANC and mercenary units to Stanleyville, delivering a deadly blow to the Simba Rebellion. The remains of the rebellion would be put down by the end of the year. Despite his successful resolution of the conflict, Tshombeââ¬â¢s intervention by white Belgian and mercenary forces severely tarnished his political reputation among the native Congolese. Political infighting between Tshombe and President Kasa-Vubu and the Congolese publicââ¬â¢s desire to end all remaining divisions in the country led to Joseph Mobutuââ¬â¢s second coup in 1965. On November 23, 1965, Mobutu seized power bloodlessly, throwing out the politicians who had, according to Mobutu, taken ââ¬Å"five years to ruin the countryâ⬠. Under a state of emergency, Mobutu assumed vast, sweeping powers that essentially made him the absolute ruler of the country. In contrast to the past five years of fractious society, Mobutu reduced provincial autonomy and secured all state power in his person. Mobutuââ¬â¢s thirty year regime was propped up by the United States and other Western interests who saw Mobutu as a bulwark against communism in Central Africa. In the one-party state that he assembled, Mobutu faced early threats to his rule that were direct extensions of the Congo Crisis. The First Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-18315042258704421992019-11-27T02:00:00.001-08:002019-11-27T02:00:05.132-08:00Statistics essaysStatistics essays Statistics is a system where you can get to the bottom of a variety of composite questions in the statistics class. Statistics has a group of rules that make problems find the solutions that are correct. The upcoming project will be answer with the formulas learned at stats class. Descriptive statistics is used to present a variety of information, which information can either be qualitative or quantitative. To present the information in an organize matter we used a set of charts and/or graphs to understand better our results. To start the task I sampled 36 people, 22 males and 14 females. Confidence interval is a set of range, minimum and maximum, to give an output from a previous sample. The confidence interval is used to determine numbers that will help you predict the result. The next optimal numbers are an average using the 36 people we used for this project to get more precise numbers and help us with our project. The numbers are going to help us predict the outcome of the workers performance and to see if the computer is a useful tool this will help us get a more precise numbers in order to complete our project. The sample consists of 36 people currently working at the company. This group is going to help me develop a project were many statistical tools that are utilized to get proper stimulations. It consisted 14 females and 22 males. Using this information I will determine to a 95 certainty or percentage that the male population is .61 2(.08) and for females .39 2(.08). This represents the gender ratio. Histogram for age is unimodal and it is non-symmetric. Average age is in the range in 39.06. The median is 36, the mode, 30. The standard deviation, which means the variance between ages, is 14.03. The sample variance, also refers to the sum of the variances is 196.74. The range lies between the points of a minimum of 18 and a maximum of 65. I am 95% sure that the average age lies between the follo... Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-25256344976040544932019-11-23T09:34:00.001-08:002019-11-23T09:34:04.247-08:00Questions to Ask in a Grad School Admissions InterviewQuestions to Ask in a Grad School Admissions Interview An invitation to interview at the graduate program of your choice is an amazing opportunity to let the graduate committee get to know you - but the purpose of the grad school admissions interview is also for you to learn about the graduate program. All too often applicants forget that they too are conducting an interview. Take advantage of the opportunity an admissions interview offers you good questions that will gather the information that you need to determine if this is the right program for you. Remember that you are interviewing the graduate program - you must choose the program that is right for you.à Asking good questions not only tells you what you need to know about a graduate program, but it tells the admissions committee that you are serious. Good, genuine, questions can impress admissions committees. Questions to Ask During a Graduate Admissions Interview What characteristics are specific to this program and distinguish it from competitors? (Be sure to refer to specific characteristics)Where are recent alumni employed? What do most students do after graduation?What types of financial aid are offered? What criteria are used for choosing recipients?Are there any scholarships or fellowships available? How do I apply?Are there teaching opportunities, such as teaching assistantships and adjunct positions?Do most students publish an article or present a paper before graduation?What applied experiences are included in the program (e.g., internships)? Ask for examples of internship placements.What is the relative importance of admissions test scores, undergraduate grades, recommendations, admissions essays, experience, and other requirements?Does the department prefer applicants immediately out of undergraduate programs or do they prefer applicants with work experience? If they prefer or require experience, what kind of experience are they lo oking for? How are mentoring and advising relationships established? Are advisors assigned?How long do most students take to graduate? How many years of coursework? How long do most students take to complete their dissertations?Do most students live near campus? What is it like to live in this area as a graduate student?How closely do students work with faculty? Is it common for students and faculty to publish together?How long does the average student take to complete a dissertation, roughly?How is the dissertation process structured? Are committee members assigned? Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-76229676540904194722019-11-21T04:42:00.001-08:002019-11-21T04:42:16.560-08:00What Is Buddhism Is It A Philosophy Or Religion EssayWhat Is Buddhism Is It A Philosophy Or Religion - Essay Example This proliferation contributes to the emergence of different cultures while maintaining basic beliefs based on Buddhaââ¬â¢s teachings. Studies indicate that the term Buddhism has its origin from the West as opposed to the practitioners. The different cultures provide a variety of interpretations of Buddhist teachings leading to vigorous debate on the practice. This necessitates the goal of this paper, which seeks to explore Buddhism from its philosophical and religious perspectives. As a religion, Buddhism involves basic religious aspects with regard to a godhead, creation theory, and faith. The godhead is manifested in Buddha, an Indian prince renowned for his wisdom while faith develops from the dependence on divine authority. Faith entails believing and upholding Buddhaââ¬â¢s teachings. Buddhism indicates that there is no deity involved in creation of the world nor was there a beginning in the universe. In essence, there only exists a transformation of matter to energy in an endless cycle of coming to being while the concept of beginnings according to Buddhists exists only in the realm of illusion. These elements are borrowed from the predominant Brahmanical traditions that were the major religious practice in ancient India. It is important to note that Buddhism emerged from the conservative social force in ancient India having rejected some aspects of the dominating religion (Oslon 3). Buddhism principles are indicated as realistic and based on the reality of life, which can be seen. It focuses on real issues of light and a better society for all, which creates a niche in the world. The realistic nature of the tradition reveals dedication to a solitary life characterised by meditation and self-preservation. As such, Buddhism serves the spiritual needs of its followers by teaching how to experience freedom of the soul through meditation. Meditation allows one to find peace and enjoy a personal connection with the self, which serves to liberate needless suffering. Meditation in Buddhism is crucial undertaking geared towards the induction of a stable mental condition and equilibrium, as well as tranquillity. It exists in two forms; one where it is meant to develop mental concentration that leads to highest mystic states, where the mystic states have nothing to do with reality, truth, or nirvana, but are not purely Buddhist. Buddhist mediation facilitates discernment of the essence of things leading to comprehensive liberation of the mind and subsequent disclosure of the truth (Clark 378). It builds on mindfulness, awareness, vigilance, and observation, where it does not attempt to escape from reality, but is intertwined with daily life. This is in line with the body, feelings, the mind, and moral, as well as intellectual subjects. As a religion, Buddhism teaches tolerance that allows the existence of various spiritual forms under its benign protection. This facilitates diversity that meets challenges posed by other religious and ph ilosophical systems including science and technology. It is for this reason that Buddhism continues to flourish as a multi-faceted religious system, with its teaching being readily accepted in the world. When compared to other religious systems in the world, Buddhism reveals significant philosophical aspects that demand assessment as they are. Studies suggests that Buddhism is a metaphysic seeking to manifest a religion as opposed to other religious systems, which to seek the metaphysic aspect. The Buddhaââ¬â¢s teachings (Dharma) are geared to evoke critical thinking among followers seeking enlightenment. In this light, Dharma consists of narratives with hidden meanings and vast symbolism of the intended message. This serves to encourage intellectual involvement to Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-38563821269762487512019-11-19T22:10:00.001-08:002019-11-19T22:10:04.262-08:00INTB3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsINTB3000 - Essay Example lobal, acting local and thinking local, acting global, need to exist side by side because contrary to the general perception that building a brand sells it, the actual key to success is local passion for the brand coupled with a feeling of local pride and ownership. Examples of thinking global, acting local: 1. Retaining a clearly focused target product, so that the nature of the product was clear in the customerââ¬â¢s mind ââ¬â Vicks was a rub for colds 2. Not growing complacent with the 20% growth that made Vicks no: 1 in India, but growing the market and benchmarking against the best in the world 2. Using an efficient, low cost local distribution system and 3. Using local ayurvedic medicinal products to prepare additional Vicks preparations apart from the rub for colds. Thinking local, acting global: 1. The global strategy was to increase advertising during the winter months, but Vicks Vaporub stepped up its advertising in the monsoon months, when local conditions caused more colds. 2. Positioning the 5 gm tin for the middle class and pricing a package of 4 such tins lower than a 19 gm jar, because it was specifically targeted at the middle class. Das and Vicks Vaporub were so successful in India because they were able to understand their consumers and act to satisfy their needs. They were able to use the existing, low cost distribution networks perfected by traders to avoid excessive costs along the supply chain. When chemists and pharmacists across the nation came together to boycott Vicks, the Company changed its registration from Western to Indian medicine to extend this distribution networks to food shops and local grocers, thus avoiding the strike altogether. 1. Being receptive to regional variations, i.e, suiting the product to fit opportunities available in the local market; for example using the monsoon as an opportunity to step up advertising during summer months. In a country like Russia, the economy was in a state of transition from a Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-76851454982269613912019-11-17T10:42:00.001-08:002019-11-17T10:42:06.065-08:00Gender Differences in the Use of Technology Essay Example for Free Gender Differences in the Use of Technology Essay At the center of 21st century culture is computer technology which presence and use just decades ago, were limited for the government and some institutions. Today, computer technology steps out from such isolation pervading all institutions, industries, commerce and other areas of life at what appears to be logarithmic speed, making its mastery or at least working knowledge an essential requisite if one is to keep pace with time. The ubiquity of technology, continuous rise in the demands for technologically-advanced workforce combined with the application of basic economic principles make one think whether the study on gender differences as it relates to technology is really a matter worthy of anyoneââ¬â¢s attention. Statistics say it is. Generally, in a technological workplace, women are still underrepresented: only five percent of computer programmers, ten percent of system analysts and ten percent of electronic technicians are females (Statistics: Women in Technology, 2008). In major companies in Silicon Valley, only 5-6% is led by females (Statistics: Women in Technology, 2008). There has been a decline in the number of females pursuing careers related to science and technology. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, the number of women who earned a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree in computer science has decreased from 37% to 28. 4% from 1984 to 1995 (Statistics: Women in Technology, 2008). Female students who took the advanced placement computer examination comprised only 17% (Statistics: Women in Technology, 2008). From these statistics, one may speculate that femalesââ¬â¢ future career choices still fall along traditional paths. This was confirmed by a study done by Lupart and Cannon (2002) on studentsââ¬â¢ perceptions on desirable career characteristics and career choices. With the rising demand for high-tech jobs (Statistics: Women and Technology, 2008), knowledge and use of technology become an essential condition to improve womenââ¬â¢s participation in the workforce and to enable them to pursue higher status and better-paying jobs in the future. However, the general belief is that not only are women underrepresented in the technology-related industry; they are also considered to be less interested, less confident and less skilled in this area. These three factors affect their usage of technology. Still, underneath these factors, womenââ¬â¢s computer usage can be traced on socialization and upbringing. Boys and girls do not play the same games during childhood. While boys are usually made to play video games or games that promote problem-solving, hands-on skills and spatial-relationship skills, girls play with dolls, which tend to develop their value of relationships (Milgram, 2007). Problem-solving, hands-on and spatial-relationship skills are critical to the study of computer and technology-related subjects. As a result of this discrepancy in development, males become more interested in technology and become better-equipped with the necessary skills as they reach adulthood (Milgram, 2007). The malesââ¬â¢ generally higher interest in technology, however, does not affect the possibility of improving femalesââ¬â¢ perception and attitude towards technology. The effect of ubiquitous computing on gender differences was examined in a study done in 2006. Here, the participants were given access 24-hour access to a laptop. Gender differences were observed in behavioral attitude towards future use of computers before the laptop program. Prior to the laptop program, males were more inclined to use computers. This changed after the laptop program. No significant difference was observed in the attitude towards the use of computers after the program (Kay, 2006). Before the program, males were observed to be more skillful in computer abilities compared to females. No significant difference was observed in computer abilities between males and females after the program, except for the skill in programming (Kay, 2006). In central Georgia middle school, the study on 8th grade students showed a statistically significant difference between achievements of males and females. In this experiment, the participants were instructed and given an exam both written and applied on two modules, information and broadcasting. A greater improvement was seen in females for the information module while the males showed greater improvement in the broadcasting module. This study partially debunks earlier findings that males generally show higher achievements compared to males, in the study of computer technology (Hale, 2005). These studies suggest that femalesââ¬â¢ do not have an inherently unfavorable computer skill, interest, and attitude which affect computer use. Provided with the right tools and knowledge, females may do as well or even better than males (Milgram, 2007). The comparatively lower use of technology by females can be attributed to the differences in perceptions on technology between genders. While the females see technology through its social function, the malesââ¬â¢ perspective is more focused on the hardware itself (Brunner, 1997). Males, therefore, are more likely to study more on the intricacies and technicalities of the use of technology compared to females which in effect allows them to maximize its use. Meanwhile, the femalesââ¬â¢ perspective of technology limits their use to only a number of functions.. According to Milgram (2007), ââ¬Å"[females] are much less likely to retain interest if they feel they are incapable of mastering the material. â⬠Also, males tend to exaggerate their accomplishments while females tend to feel less comfortable even when they do well in tests (Milgram, 2007). The femalesââ¬â¢ initial lack of skill in technology affects their confidence and perception towards its use. However, like interest and attitude, these may be changed upon exposure. Nicolino, et. al. (2006) measured the confidence gain of male and female respondents in the frequency of use of computers at home and at work. No significant difference in computer use was observed between males and females. Significant differences were observed in the only in the applications used by the two genders. The possible change in perceptions and confidence which may affect usage is evidenced by the study by Wong and Hanafi in 2007. In this study, the attitudes of male and female student teachers in Malaysia towards exposure and use of Information Technology were measured in terms of usefulness, confidence and aversion. No significant differences were seen between the two genders were observed during the pre- and post IT course. Both genders showed improvement in their appreciation of IT usage after the IT course. Females exhibited greater confidence in IT usage after the course compared to their male counterparts (Wong and Hanafi, 2007). Given the malesââ¬â¢ higher degree of confidence towards technology, the question now is whether such confidence really translates to increased use of technology. In a study on some 6,800 fourth and eighth grade students, it was reported that males significantly increase their use of technology with age while no such significant increase was seen in females (Barker and Aspray, 2006). It has been established that the males have a more positive attitude and higher degree of confidence towards technology. These, however, are not solely gender-based but more importantly, based on their differences in upbringing, with males having more background in problem-solving and spatial-relationship. Based on the general principles derived from studies on gender-gap in technology, strategies can be employed to address such gap, improve computer attitude, increase computer use and create a culture where everyone can participate and take advantage of the benefits of technology, regardless of gender. Milgram (2007) lists some of such strategies targeting the middle school where attitudes in computer use start to emerge. These strategies include the creation of same-sex groups in classrooms, the integrated and meaningful use of technology, the improvement of teachersââ¬â¢ computer skills, the use of gender neutral softwares, simulation games for all genders, and the discouragement of using technology and computers as a reward. Common among these strategies is their focus on building the confidence of females who often have less experience than males. Simulation games, for example, ensure that not only males are given the opportunity to develop problem-solving and spatial relationship skills. Simulation games also promote hands-on proficiency which is necessary in developing technological skills and use. The creation of same-sex groups in classrooms and the discouragement of using technology and computers as reward minimize the malesââ¬â¢ aggressive, assertive and self-assured behavior which stem from their confidence in their skills. In sum, it is by simulating the environment that contributed to the development of malesââ¬â¢ skills that the gender gap in the use of technology can be significantly reduced. The fact that females respond to technology more positively if given the right building blocks, as shown by previous studies support this. Works Cited Barker LJ and Aspray W. (2006). The state of research on girls and IT. In J. M. Cohoon and W Aspray (eds. ), Women and information technology (pp. 3-54). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Brunner C. (1997). Technology and gender: Differences in masculine and feminine views. NASSP Bulletin, 81(592), 46-51. Hale, KV. (2005). Gender differences in computer technology achievement. Meridian, 8(1). Kay R. (2006). Addressing gender differences in computer ability, attitudes and use: The laptop effect. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 34(2), 187-211. Lupart J and Cannon E. Computers and career choices: gender differences in grades 7 and 10 students. Gender, Technology and Development, 6(2), 233-248. Milgram D. (2007). Gender differences in learning style specific to science, technology, engineering and math. SelfGrowth. com. Retrieved 27 April 2008 from http://www. selfgrowth. com/articles/Gender_Differences_in_Learning_Style_Specific_to_Science_Technology_Engineering_and_Math_STEM. html. Nicolino, P. , Fitzgerald, B. , Maser, K. Morote, E. (2006). Gender Differences in Confidence about Using Technology: An Introductory Course. In C. Crawford et al. (Eds. ), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference 2006 (pp. 3544-3549). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. Statistics: Women in Technology. (2008). DeVry University Website. Retrieved 27 April 2008 from http://www. phx. devry. edu/outreach/her_world_stats. asp. Wong, S. L. , Hanafi, A. (2007). Gender Differences in Attitudes towards Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7769754090355224092.post-34180438899563797602019-11-14T23:14:00.001-08:002019-11-14T23:14:04.498-08:00Like Father Like Son Essays -- Character Analysis, Telemachus, OdysseuTHESIS STATEMENT Throughout the epic the Odyssey the theme like father like son is demonstrated through Telemachus following in his fatherââ¬â¢s (Odysseus) footsteps. PURPOSE STATEMENT It is evident that through extensive research on the Odyssey, Telemachus evolves into a character similar to his father Odysseus in this epic. INTRODUCTION Imagine ten grueling years of constant bloodbath at war. After all that horror facing journeying on vicious waters: battling a sea monster, traveling to the underworld, and angry gods attempting to wreak havoc everywhere you go. This is all on a quest to reunite with your loved ones. A brave Greek warriorââ¬âOdysseusââ¬âencounters all these circumstances. His son yearns for him to return home. This son of his is in a nervous state. He has no father figure in his life and is unable to protect his mother in their precarious situation. The Odyssey tells the thrilling tale of the clever Greek hero Odysseus. He has many terrifying adventures on his long awaited return to his kingdom, Ithaca. In this epic Odysseusââ¬â¢ son Telemachus becomes the man his father is and demonstrates personality traits Odysseus possesses. Telemachus must overcome his fear to undertake journeys in order to reunite his family. Odysseus and Telemachus together share a love and appreciation for Penelope. They both began as impulsive men and must learn patience in panicky situations later on. ââ¬Å"He is like his father Odysseus, in that he is loyal and disgusted by evil. He also, like his father, is willing to go fight for his freedom.â⬠(Pope 45) Telemachus is being described in comparison to Odysseus ââ¬â they are equally dedicated in life to Penelope and have a great will to conquer obstacles in their life to reunite with each other. ... ...e was unsure about taking his fatherââ¬â¢s place. Odysseus learns to act wisely and not impulsively through his adventures. ââ¬Å"All his past training in patience, wariness and self-control is needed now to help him play his partâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (Walker 76). From past obstacles Odysseus was required to overcome on his trip home to Ithaca he was grown from acting out impulsively to thinking out strategies before had for attacks and battles. CONCLUSION In Homerââ¬â¢s the Odyssey the theme like father like son is demonstrated. Telemachus becomes the man his father (Odysseus) is through acquiring personality traits that he has and evolving in a brave and courageous character, such as his father was. Odysseus and Telemachus both go on journeys to reunite their families; they both have a great love and appreciation for Penelope and transition from being impatient and impulsive to patience. Lila Neilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04789368913311330528noreply@blogger.com0